Design and setting: In a randomized controlled trial, 90 Iranian women who were scheduledfor a repeat Cesarean-section, were randomized into three groups: KC, music during KC, and acontrol group. Mothers’ pain scores were evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS). If the VASscore was ≤3, then MSA was measured by using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scale(Spielberg). Interventions were 30 min KC for mother—infant dyads, or playing music for themothers during KC. Six hours later, in cases where the VAS was ≤3, the MSA was re-measuredusing Spielberg’s scale for all mothers.