There are 11 schools classified under this model, five primary and six
secondary, comprising the majority of the cases in this study. The tradition or
culture for this group of schools generally does not have a strong educational
philosophy. This does not mean that the history of these schools is necessarily
a short one. In fact, a few schools in this category were established in the early
1950s. Despite such a long history, these schools have failed to build up a
tradition or culture favorable for adopting changes or empowering students.