Mahabadi et al. designed a microfluidic electrophoresis device based on external electrodes placed on top and underneath the separation channel (two pairs for excitation and pick-up, respectively) for improved capacitive coupling. Moreover, additional grounded shielding of the electrodes was used for efficient removal of stray capacitance including a grounded metallic box, which encompasses the entire detection region of the microchip. Improved sensitivity and detection limits below 1 mM are possible with this arrangement.