and peat fires in Indonesia had various effects on air
quality, human health and climate. Aerosol emissions
from the Indonesian forest and peat fires
lead to direct (scattering and absorption of solar
and terrestrial radiation) and indirect (influencing cloud
microphysical processes) modifications in the radiative
balance of the atmosphere
The indirect aerosol effects are related to changes
of the cloud droplet spectrum. In general, more and
smaller cloud droplets are formed if more aerosols
are available which act as cloud condensation nuclei
(CCN). High cloud droplet number concentrations