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The Aboriginals first arrived on the Australian continent about 50,000 years ago from Southeast Asia. The first Europeans came exploring during the 17th century, but it wasn’t until 1770, that Captain James Cook took “possession” of the east coast in the name of Great Britain. A policy of convict colonies was established to rehabilitate criminals and to develop the Australian colony. By 1901, the colonies became the Commonwealth of Australia. In recent decades, Australia has become an internationally competitive and advanced market economy. As the driest inhabited place on earth, it is particularly vulnerable to climate change.
Biodiversity
Australia’s biodiversity has developed in isolation over millions of years, creating 10% of the world’s biodiversity. In addition, 85% of Australia’s plant species are endemic, making Australia one of the world’s megadiverse countries.
Australia is home to some of the most dangerous creatures in the world. It has more deadly snakes than any other country in the world, including taipans, tiger snakes, and brown snakes. Some beaches in Queensland are off-limits due to box jellyfish, polkadot stingrays, blue-ringed octopuses, and dozens of species of species of sharks. Then there are venomous spiders, such Huntsmens and redbacks. There are also saltwater crocodiles, known in Australia as salties, which can grow to 6m (20 ft) long. Not to worry though, you’re more liking to be stung by a bee, then be attacked by any of these creatures.
Australia is also home to many iconic mammals, such as the Koala. It should be noted that Koalas are not bears, but rather marsupials, a mammal that carries its young in a pouch. You can find them in eastern Australia, where they doze in forks and nooks of eucalyptus trees, sleeping for up to 18 hours a day. Koalas require a lot of space, about 100 trees per animal, which is a problem as Australia’s woodlands continue to shrink due to human encroachment.
Another of Australia’s iconic animals include the Kangaroo, the largest living marsupial. Found in continental Australia and Tasmania, they live in varied habitats from woodlands to grassy plains and savannahs. They live and travel in “mobs”, or organized groups, which are dominated by the largest male. Besides humans and dingos, a type of wild dog, kangaroos face few natural predators.
Then there are echidnas, which resemble a porcupine or a hedgehog. They are 30 cm to 45 cm in length and weigh between 2 kg and 5kg (4 lbs and 11 lbs). The body, except the underside, face and legs, is covered with cream-colored spines, which can reach 50 mm in length. They move very slowly at a rolling gait. They are solitary creatures except during mating time, when several males may follow a female.
Another well-known creature is wombats, a large pudgy marsupial. They use their claws to dig burrows in open grasslands and ecualptus forests. At night they emerge to feed on grasses, roots, and bark. Burrowing can cause field and pasture damage, so for this reason, they are often hunted by ranchers and farmers, who considered them a pest. Some species, such as the northern hairy-nosed wombats are critically endangered.
Indigenous Peoples
There are about 500 different groups of Aboriginal peoples in Australia, all with their own language and territory. It is believed that the Aboriginals first came to the Australian continent about 50,000 years ago. They were a hunter-gatherer society, although there is evidence of light irrigation for gardens and artificial dykes for fishing. It is estimated that there were once a million Aboriginals.
Now the Aboriginal population numbers at 60,000. Many were either killed by disease brought by the Europeans or were massacred. During the 20th century, Australia had a policy of removing children from their homes and giving to white families or placing them in missionary schools, in order to eradicate Aboriginal culture and language.
In 1976, the Aboriginal Lands Rights Act for the Northern Territory returned Arnhem Land, an area of 90,000 sq km (35,000 sq miles) to its traditional owners. Similar legisltration has repatriated tracts of land to the Aboriginals, though few as pristine as Arnhem Land. Today more than half of all Aboriginals live in cities or towns, often on the outskirts and in terrible conditions. Many suffer from alcoholism and other diseases. Others, particularly in the Northern Territory, have managed to keep their traditions, and often eat healthier, live longer, and are exposed to a fraction of the violence.
ยินดีต้อนรับAboriginals แรกมาถึงในทวีปออสเตรเลียประมาณ 50000 ปีที่ผ่านมาจากเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ ชาวยุโรปแรกมาสำรวจในช่วงศตวรรษ 17 แต่มันไม่ได้จนกว่า 1770 ที่กัปตันเจมส์คุกได้ "ครอบครอง" ของฝั่งตะวันออกในสหราชอาณาจักร นโยบายของอาณานิคมนักโทษก่อ การบำบัดอาชญากร และพัฒนาอาณานิคมออสเตรเลีย โดย 1901 อาณานิคมเป็น เครือจักรภพออสเตรเลีย ในทศวรรษที่ผ่านมาล่าสุด ออสเตรเลียได้กลายเป็น เศรษฐกิจการตลาดขั้นสูง และแข่งขันในระดับสากล เป็นอยู่อาศัย driest ในโลก ได้โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งความเสี่ยงต่อการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ ความหลากหลายทางชีวภาพความหลากหลายทางชีวภาพของออสเตรเลียได้มีพัฒนาแยกกว่าล้านปี สร้าง 10% ของความหลากหลายทางชีวภาพของโลก นอกจากนี้ 85% ของสปีชีส์พืชของออสเตรเลียมียุง ทำให้ออสเตรเลียหนึ่งใน megadiverse ประเทศ ออสเตรเลียเป็นบ้านของสิ่งมีชีวิตอันตรายที่สุดในโลก มีงูร้ายแรงยิ่งกว่าประเทศอื่น ๆ ในโลก taipans งูเสือ และงูสีน้ำตาล บางหาดในรัฐควีนส์แลนด์มี off-limits ซัว polkadot stingrays, octopuses สายวงน้ำเงิน และหลายสิบชนิดพันธุ์ของปลาฉลาม แล้ว มีแมงมุมมาก เช่น Huntsmens และ redbacks นอกจากนี้ยังมีจระเข้น้ำเค็ม เรียกว่า salties ซึ่งสามารถเติบโตถึง 6 เมตร (20 ฟุตยาว) ในออสเตรเลีย ไม่ต้องกังวลแม้ว่า คุณกำลังใจให้มา โดยผึ้ง แล้วถูกโจมตี โดยสิ่งมีชีวิตเหล่านี้ใด ๆ เพิ่มเติม Australia is also home to many iconic mammals, such as the Koala. It should be noted that Koalas are not bears, but rather marsupials, a mammal that carries its young in a pouch. You can find them in eastern Australia, where they doze in forks and nooks of eucalyptus trees, sleeping for up to 18 hours a day. Koalas require a lot of space, about 100 trees per animal, which is a problem as Australia’s woodlands continue to shrink due to human encroachment. Another of Australia’s iconic animals include the Kangaroo, the largest living marsupial. Found in continental Australia and Tasmania, they live in varied habitats from woodlands to grassy plains and savannahs. They live and travel in “mobs”, or organized groups, which are dominated by the largest male. Besides humans and dingos, a type of wild dog, kangaroos face few natural predators. Then there are echidnas, which resemble a porcupine or a hedgehog. They are 30 cm to 45 cm in length and weigh between 2 kg and 5kg (4 lbs and 11 lbs). The body, except the underside, face and legs, is covered with cream-colored spines, which can reach 50 mm in length. They move very slowly at a rolling gait. They are solitary creatures except during mating time, when several males may follow a female. Another well-known creature is wombats, a large pudgy marsupial. They use their claws to dig burrows in open grasslands and ecualptus forests. At night they emerge to feed on grasses, roots, and bark. Burrowing can cause field and pasture damage, so for this reason, they are often hunted by ranchers and farmers, who considered them a pest. Some species, such as the northern hairy-nosed wombats are critically endangered.
Indigenous Peoples
There are about 500 different groups of Aboriginal peoples in Australia, all with their own language and territory. It is believed that the Aboriginals first came to the Australian continent about 50,000 years ago. They were a hunter-gatherer society, although there is evidence of light irrigation for gardens and artificial dykes for fishing. It is estimated that there were once a million Aboriginals.
Now the Aboriginal population numbers at 60,000. Many were either killed by disease brought by the Europeans or were massacred. During the 20th century, Australia had a policy of removing children from their homes and giving to white families or placing them in missionary schools, in order to eradicate Aboriginal culture and language.
In 1976, the Aboriginal Lands Rights Act for the Northern Territory returned Arnhem Land, an area of 90,000 sq km (35,000 sq miles) to its traditional owners. Similar legisltration has repatriated tracts of land to the Aboriginals, though few as pristine as Arnhem Land. Today more than half of all Aboriginals live in cities or towns, often on the outskirts and in terrible conditions. Many suffer from alcoholism and other diseases. Others, particularly in the Northern Territory, have managed to keep their traditions, and often eat healthier, live longer, and are exposed to a fraction of the violence.
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