chosen (30 plots total). Each plot was in one of three differently
managed forest types with different levels of management intensity
(Fig. 1): unmanaged beech forest stands, which were previously
managed up to 20–70 years ago in all study regions (score
1); managed beech forest stands (score 2); and planted conifer
stands (score 3; spruce in Hainich-D€un and Schw€abische Alb and
pine in Schorfheide-Chorin).