The experimental results of the present investigation are shown in Figs. 5–17, which depict the experimental friction factor profiles for the coils tested. The friction factor profile obtained for the straight tube has been added to the coils friction factor profiles for comparison. The measured results are compared in the plots with Itos laminar and turbulent resistance formulas, Eqs. (11) and (12), respectively [11]. It is worth emphasizing that Itos resistance formulas have been extended in the plots beyond their quoted limits of validity. When plotted in a log–log scale, Eq. (11) results in a curve with a mild upward oriented curvature while Eq. (12) results in a straight line. These characteristics are referred to in the discussion of the results and might be difficult to catch from visual observation of the plots. The results are discussed in the following subsections, dealing respectively with strong curvature coils, intermediate curvature coils and mild curvature coils.
The influence of curvature on the laminar to turbulent flow transition in helically coiled pipes was analyzed from direct inspection of the experimental friction factor profiles obtained for twelve coils. Even though the direct observation of the friction factor profile does not allow the accurate determination of the flow regime, useful information was drawn in the present investigation. The coils studied had ratios of coil diameter to tube diameter ranging from 6.9 to 369 while the coil pitches were small enough to neglect the effect of torsion on the flow. Coil curvature was found effective in smoothing the emergence of turbulence and in increasing the value of the Reynolds number required to attain a fully turbulent flow, with respect to straight pipes. In particular with strongly curved coils, namely for ratios of coil diameter to tube diameter ranging from 6.9 to 24, the process of turbulence emergence is so gradual that only one discontinuity was observed in the
friction factor profile, actually marking the end of the turbulence emergence process. With intermediate curvature coils, namely for ratios of coil diameter to tube diameter ranging from 35.3 to 103.7, the process of turbulence emergence is still very gradual but the friction factor profiles exhibit a more complicated pattern a part of which was apparently not observed in previous research. A mild curvature, namely a ratio of coil diameter to tube diameter ranging from 153 to 369, was found effective in smoothing the emergence of turbulence only in the very beginning of the emergence process. Practical suggestions for coiled tubes friction factor prediction were also given. Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their heartily thanks to professor Carlo Lombardi for his sincere encouragement and technical suggestions. We are thankful to Gustavo Cattadori and Andrea Achilli of SIET metrological laboratory for instruments calibration and technical support. Rossella Bongiorni, Ermanno Pozzoni, Marco Giola and professors Vincenzo Varoli and Mario Mariani are gratefully acknowledged for their technical help in the carrying out of the experiments.
การทดลองผลปัจจุบันจะแสดงในมะเดื่อ. 5 – 17 ซึ่งแสดงถึงส่วนกำหนดค่าปัจจัยการทดลองแรงเสียดทานสำหรับขดลวดที่ทดสอบ มีการเพิ่มค่าปัจจัยแรงเสียดทานได้สำหรับหลอดตรงกับส่วนกำหนดค่าปัจจัยแรงเสียดทานของขดลวดสำหรับการเปรียบเทียบ ผลการวัดมีการเปรียบเทียบในกราฟกับอิโตะ s laminar และปั่นป่วนต้านทานสูตร Eqs (11) และ (12), ตามลำดับ [11] มันคุ้มเน้นว่า อิโตะ s ต้านทานสูตรที่มีการขยายในแปลงเกินขีดเสนอราคามีผลบังคับใช้ เมื่อพล็อตในล็อก – ลอการิทึม Eq. (11) ผลลัพธ์ในรูปแบบกราฟไม่รุนแรงขึ้นมุ่งเน้นความโค้งขณะ Eq. (12) ผลเป็นเส้นตรง ลักษณะเหล่านี้ถูกอ้างอิงในการอภิปรายผล และอาจเป็นการยากที่จะจับจากการสังเกตภาพของกราฟ ผลจะกล่าวถึงในส่วนย่อยต่อไปนี้ จัดการกับขดลวดแข็งแรงโค้ง ความโค้งกลางขดลวด และขดลวดโค้งอ่อนตามลำดับThe influence of curvature on the laminar to turbulent flow transition in helically coiled pipes was analyzed from direct inspection of the experimental friction factor profiles obtained for twelve coils. Even though the direct observation of the friction factor profile does not allow the accurate determination of the flow regime, useful information was drawn in the present investigation. The coils studied had ratios of coil diameter to tube diameter ranging from 6.9 to 369 while the coil pitches were small enough to neglect the effect of torsion on the flow. Coil curvature was found effective in smoothing the emergence of turbulence and in increasing the value of the Reynolds number required to attain a fully turbulent flow, with respect to straight pipes. In particular with strongly curved coils, namely for ratios of coil diameter to tube diameter ranging from 6.9 to 24, the process of turbulence emergence is so gradual that only one discontinuity was observed in thefriction factor profile, actually marking the end of the turbulence emergence process. With intermediate curvature coils, namely for ratios of coil diameter to tube diameter ranging from 35.3 to 103.7, the process of turbulence emergence is still very gradual but the friction factor profiles exhibit a more complicated pattern a part of which was apparently not observed in previous research. A mild curvature, namely a ratio of coil diameter to tube diameter ranging from 153 to 369, was found effective in smoothing the emergence of turbulence only in the very beginning of the emergence process. Practical suggestions for coiled tubes friction factor prediction were also given. Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their heartily thanks to professor Carlo Lombardi for his sincere encouragement and technical suggestions. We are thankful to Gustavo Cattadori and Andrea Achilli of SIET metrological laboratory for instruments calibration and technical support. Rossella Bongiorni, Ermanno Pozzoni, Marco Giola and professors Vincenzo Varoli and Mario Mariani are gratefully acknowledged for their technical help in the carrying out of the experiments.
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