conceptualization and operationalization of brand orientation indicates four components: (1) a focus on distinctiveness (measured using elements of Narver and Slater 1990 and Hankinson 2000), (2) functionality (utility) (drawn from de Chernatony and Dall'Olmo Riley 1997 and Bhat and Reddy 1998), (3) value adding (incorporating elements from McEnally and de Chernatony 1999), and (4) symbolic capabilities (similar to Goodyear 1996 and Kapferer 1997).