As this “fragmentation of production” (Jones and Kierzkowski, 2001) has grown, so too has the potential
for gross flows of trade to mislead. Innovations such as the container ship and the Internet have
revolutionised trade and supply chain management in several ways; similarly, services trade liberalisation
has reduced regulatory barriers in key sectors of the global logistics chain (transport, finance,
telecommunications, etc.) and facilitated foreign direct investment.