poor emotional health of the perpetrator, including alcohol and substance abuse,
social isolation of the family and a history of marital violence/intergenerational
transmission of violence (Wolf, 2000). Existing societal and cultural norms were
considered important macroprocess determinants that influenced elder mistreatment at
the environmental level. Some of these studies have been critiqued on the grounds
that they yielded conflicting results, due to the methodological shortcomings, such as
lack of consistent data-gathering methods and the unavailability of adequate detection
tools to identify and make cross-cultural and cross-regional comparisons