Herb Simon makes the distinction between 'programmed' and 'unprogrammed'
decision, the former gravitating to technical specialism, the latter to management.
Burns and stalker used the distinction between 'mechanistic' and 'organic' forms of organisation, or ways of understanding them. Within the tradition of action learning the distinction is made between programmed knowledge and questioning knowledge . The idea is clearly used within complexity theory itself. Finally, for now, the idea is used within leadership theory in the form of the distinction between 'transactional' and 'transformational' leadership.