Immunization Module: Vaccine Preparation and Administration Routes of the EPI Vaccines
Study Session 4 Vaccine Preparation and Administration Routes of the EPI Vaccines
Introduction
In this study session you will learn how to prepare the EPI vaccines used in Ethiopia, which were described in Study Sessions 2 and 3. Some vaccines come as fully prepared liquids for injection or administering by drops into the mouth. Other vaccines comes as powders that have to be reconstituted — mixed with a special liquid (a diluent) before they can be used. We will teach you how to do this and about the safe handling of needles and syringes for injecting vaccines.
Appropriate vaccine administration and safe vaccination practices are both very important for vaccine effectiveness. The recommended site, route and dosage for each vaccine are based on research and practical experience. In the final sections of this study session you will learn about the correct routes of administration for each of the EPI vaccines, together with instructions for positioning the child or adult client. The four administration routes are:
Intradermal (ID): the vaccine is injected into the top layers of the skin.
Subcutaneous (SC): the vaccine is injected into the fatty tissue below the skin and above the muscle.
Intramuscular (IM): the vaccine is injected into the muscle.
Oral: the vaccine is given by drops into the mouth.
Learning Outcomes for Study Session 4
When you have studied this session, you should be able to:
4.1 Define and use correctly all of the key words printed in bold. (SAQs 4.1 and 4.3)
4.2 Summarise the standard precautions to minimise the risk of infection or injury when handling vaccines, diluents and injection equipment. (SAQs 4.2 and 4.3)
4.3 Describe how to reconstitute BCG and measles vaccines with the correct diluent before administration. (SAQs 4.1 and 4.3)
4.4 Describe the correct route of administration for each of the injectable EPI vaccines. (SAQs 4.1 and 4.3)
4.5 Describe the correct preparation and administration of oral polio vaccine (OPV). (SAQ 4.5)
4.1 Preparing to give injectable vaccines
In this section, you will learn about the necessary steps before administration of the injectable EPI vaccines in routine use in Ethiopia.
4.1.1 Standard procedures for giving safe injections
First, you should always follow the standard procedures (also known as universal precautions) for preventing infection and injury when you are giving an injection.
What standard procedures should you take before giving an injection?
Standard procedures are described in several parts of this curriculum, including the Antenatal Care, Labour and Delivery Care, and Communicable Diseases Modules.
You should:
Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water, and allow them to ‘air dry’.
Figure 4.1 A standard safety box. (Photo: Basiro Davey)
Prepare all the equipment you need and lay it out on a clean tray that has been swabbed with antiseptic solution.
Organise your equipment to minimise the risk of injury from needles and broken glass.
Make sure there is a safety box nearby for the safe disposal of used syringes and needles (Figure 4.1).
Make sure that children are securely held by someone they know and trust, in the correct position to enable you to give the injection (Figure 4.2). You cannot hold the child because you need both hands to give the injection.
Figure 4.2 The mother or another caregiver should hold the child securely like this. (Source: WHO, 2004, Immunization in Practice, Manual 4, Ensuring Safe Injections, Figure 4-D)
The skin at the site of the injection should be swabbed cleaned with an appropriate antiseptic solution. After giving the injection, press a clean cotton swab onto the site until all bleeding stops.
You will learn about these and other immunization safety issues in more detail in Study Session 7.
4.1.2 Preparing injection equipment
Careful preparation before giving an immunization is very important, and includes selection of the correct syringes and needles.
Syringe selection
A separate syringe should be used for each injection. BCG vaccine should be injected using a 0.1 ml syringe; for all other EPI vaccines, use a 1 ml syringe. Disposable syringes are supplied in sterile plastic packages and are designed to be used once only and then put into a safety box. The safest type recommended by the World Health Organization is the auto-disable (AD) syringe (Figure 4.3). This has the needle already attached and a plunger mechanism that prevents the syringe from being used a second time. If the syringe and needle are supplied separately, when you remove a syringe from its package, take care not to touch the syringe adapter shown in Figure 4.4.
Figure 4.3 Auto-disable 1 ml syringes, supplied with needles already attached. (Photo: Basiro Davey)
Needle selection
The needle used should be of the appropriate diameter for the vaccine. Typically, vaccines are not very thick liquids, and therefore a fine needle size of 22–26 gauge (outer diameter) can be used. A new needle and syringe is used for each injection. Note that for vaccines that need to be reconstituted with diluent before use, you should use a separate ‘mixing’ syringe and needle (like those shown in Figure 4.4) for reconstitution. Use a new auto-disable (AD) syringe and needle to inject the client.
Figure 4.4 Parts of a syringe and a hollow needle, showing the areas that should not be touched. (Source: Adapted from WHO, 2004, Immunization in Practice, Module 4, Ensuring Safe Injections, Figures 4-B and 4-C)
Figure 4.4 shows the parts of a needle — none of which should be touched. Open the protective wrapping around the needle and remove it without touching the adaptor. The needle is inside a plastic outer case. Holding the needle by the outer case, push the needle adapter onto the syringe adapter until they ‘lock’ together firmly.
Vaccine reconstitution is taught in the next section. Diluents were introduced in Study Session 2.
4.1.3 Inspecting vials and ampoules of vaccines and diluents
Vaccines and diluents are supplied in either a vial or an ampoule. A vial is a glass bottle with a thin rubber membrane across the top, which is held in place by a metal or plastic cap (Figure 4.5a). An ampoule is a sealed sterile glass or plastic bottle with a thin ‘neck’ (Figure 4.5b). The ampoule has to be broken open at the neck before the vaccine (or diluent) can be withdrawn. Note that some injectable vaccines are supplied in single-dose vials, and some contain more than one dose. You will learn how to use multi-dose vials in Study Session 7.
Vaccines (e.g. BCG) that are sensitive to light are supplied in dark glass vials or ampoules.
Figure 4.5 (a) Vials. (b) Ampoules, with a metal file to ‘scratch and break’ the neck of the ampoule. (Source: WHO, 1998, Immunization in Practice, Module 7, During a Session: Preparing Vaccines, Figures 7-M and 7-I)
Vials and ampoules should be carefully inspected for damage or contamination prior to use. The expiry date printed on the vial or ampoule, or the box they came in, should be checked. The expiry date gives the last day of the month that the vaccine or diluent can be used, unless otherwise stated on the package labelling. Expired vaccines and diluents should never be used. You will learn more about stock control to avoid wastage in Study Session 5.
Check the vaccine vial monitor (VVM), which is a label that changes colour when the vaccine vial has been exposed to heat over a period of time. The VVM enables you to check if the vaccine has not passed the discard point due to heat exposure. It cannot tell you if the vaccine has been damaged by freezing. You will learn more about this, and other components of the ‘cold chain’ for preserving vaccines, in Study Session 6.
What is the correct temperature for storing vaccines supplied as liquids?
It is between 2oC and 8oC, as you learned in Study Sessions 2 and 3.
4.1.4 Reconstituting BCG and measles vaccines with diluent
It is very important to reconstitute a powder vaccine using only the diluent provided by the manufacturer specifically for that vaccine
Reconstitution is the process of mixing vaccines that come as powders with the diluent provided with the vaccine. This section will also explain how to open vials and ampoules. BCG and measles vaccines are the two routine EPI vaccines that require reconstitution, following the steps below:
1 Wash your hands and organise your equipment and work area
Wash your hands with clean water and soap and follow the standard procedures outlined in Section 4.1. Your aim is to minimise the risk of infection or injury to yourself, your clients and their caregivers.
2 Inspect the vaccine vial or ampoule
Figure 4.6 (left arrow) The centre of the metal cap has been bent back and removed; (right arrow) the plastic stopper has been removed. (Source: WHO, 1998, Immunization in Practice, Module 8, During a Session: Giving Immunizations, p.4)
Measles vaccine powder (and most fully liquid vaccines) come in vials, but BCG vaccine powder comes in ampoules. Check that the vial or ampoule is not cracked. Check the vaccine vial monitor (VVM) and the expiry date as described above, and discard any vaccines that are no longer safe to use.
3 Tap the vial or ampoule
To make sure that all of the vaccine powder is at the bottom of the vial or ampoule, tap it with your finger.
4 Open the vaccine vial
The centre of the metal cap on a vaccine vial is pre-cut so that it can be removed easily. Lift the centre of the metal cap and bend it back, using a metal file. Some vials have plastic stoppers instead of metal caps. Flip off the stopper with your thumb. When the cap or stopper is removed, it reveals the rubber membrane on top of the vial, protecting the vaccine (Figure 4.6). How to open an ampoule of BCG vaccine is described in step 6.
5 Inspect the diluent
Most diluents for reconstituting vaccines come in sea
Immunization Module: Vaccine Preparation and Administration Routes of the EPI VaccinesStudy Session 4 Vaccine Preparation and Administration Routes of the EPI VaccinesIntroductionIn this study session you will learn how to prepare the EPI vaccines used in Ethiopia, which were described in Study Sessions 2 and 3. Some vaccines come as fully prepared liquids for injection or administering by drops into the mouth. Other vaccines comes as powders that have to be reconstituted — mixed with a special liquid (a diluent) before they can be used. We will teach you how to do this and about the safe handling of needles and syringes for injecting vaccines.Appropriate vaccine administration and safe vaccination practices are both very important for vaccine effectiveness. The recommended site, route and dosage for each vaccine are based on research and practical experience. In the final sections of this study session you will learn about the correct routes of administration for each of the EPI vaccines, together with instructions for positioning the child or adult client. The four administration routes are:Intradermal (ID): the vaccine is injected into the top layers of the skin.Subcutaneous (SC): the vaccine is injected into the fatty tissue below the skin and above the muscle.Intramuscular (IM): the vaccine is injected into the muscle.Oral: the vaccine is given by drops into the mouth.Learning Outcomes for Study Session 4When you have studied this session, you should be able to:4.1 Define and use correctly all of the key words printed in bold. (SAQs 4.1 and 4.3)4.2 Summarise the standard precautions to minimise the risk of infection or injury when handling vaccines, diluents and injection equipment. (SAQs 4.2 and 4.3)4.3 Describe how to reconstitute BCG and measles vaccines with the correct diluent before administration. (SAQs 4.1 and 4.3)4.4 Describe the correct route of administration for each of the injectable EPI vaccines. (SAQs 4.1 and 4.3)4.5 Describe the correct preparation and administration of oral polio vaccine (OPV). (SAQ 4.5)4.1 Preparing to give injectable vaccinesIn this section, you will learn about the necessary steps before administration of the injectable EPI vaccines in routine use in Ethiopia.4.1.1 Standard procedures for giving safe injectionsFirst, you should always follow the standard procedures (also known as universal precautions) for preventing infection and injury when you are giving an injection.What standard procedures should you take before giving an injection?Standard procedures are described in several parts of this curriculum, including the Antenatal Care, Labour and Delivery Care, and Communicable Diseases Modules.You should:Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water, and allow them to ‘air dry’.Figure 4.1 A standard safety box. (Photo: Basiro Davey)Prepare all the equipment you need and lay it out on a clean tray that has been swabbed with antiseptic solution.Organise your equipment to minimise the risk of injury from needles and broken glass.
Make sure there is a safety box nearby for the safe disposal of used syringes and needles (Figure 4.1).
Make sure that children are securely held by someone they know and trust, in the correct position to enable you to give the injection (Figure 4.2). You cannot hold the child because you need both hands to give the injection.
Figure 4.2 The mother or another caregiver should hold the child securely like this. (Source: WHO, 2004, Immunization in Practice, Manual 4, Ensuring Safe Injections, Figure 4-D)
The skin at the site of the injection should be swabbed cleaned with an appropriate antiseptic solution. After giving the injection, press a clean cotton swab onto the site until all bleeding stops.
You will learn about these and other immunization safety issues in more detail in Study Session 7.
4.1.2 Preparing injection equipment
Careful preparation before giving an immunization is very important, and includes selection of the correct syringes and needles.
Syringe selection
A separate syringe should be used for each injection. BCG vaccine should be injected using a 0.1 ml syringe; for all other EPI vaccines, use a 1 ml syringe. Disposable syringes are supplied in sterile plastic packages and are designed to be used once only and then put into a safety box. The safest type recommended by the World Health Organization is the auto-disable (AD) syringe (Figure 4.3). This has the needle already attached and a plunger mechanism that prevents the syringe from being used a second time. If the syringe and needle are supplied separately, when you remove a syringe from its package, take care not to touch the syringe adapter shown in Figure 4.4.
Figure 4.3 Auto-disable 1 ml syringes, supplied with needles already attached. (Photo: Basiro Davey)
Needle selection
The needle used should be of the appropriate diameter for the vaccine. Typically, vaccines are not very thick liquids, and therefore a fine needle size of 22–26 gauge (outer diameter) can be used. A new needle and syringe is used for each injection. Note that for vaccines that need to be reconstituted with diluent before use, you should use a separate ‘mixing’ syringe and needle (like those shown in Figure 4.4) for reconstitution. Use a new auto-disable (AD) syringe and needle to inject the client.
Figure 4.4 Parts of a syringe and a hollow needle, showing the areas that should not be touched. (Source: Adapted from WHO, 2004, Immunization in Practice, Module 4, Ensuring Safe Injections, Figures 4-B and 4-C)
Figure 4.4 shows the parts of a needle — none of which should be touched. Open the protective wrapping around the needle and remove it without touching the adaptor. The needle is inside a plastic outer case. Holding the needle by the outer case, push the needle adapter onto the syringe adapter until they ‘lock’ together firmly.
Vaccine reconstitution is taught in the next section. Diluents were introduced in Study Session 2.
4.1.3 Inspecting vials and ampoules of vaccines and diluents
Vaccines and diluents are supplied in either a vial or an ampoule. A vial is a glass bottle with a thin rubber membrane across the top, which is held in place by a metal or plastic cap (Figure 4.5a). An ampoule is a sealed sterile glass or plastic bottle with a thin ‘neck’ (Figure 4.5b). The ampoule has to be broken open at the neck before the vaccine (or diluent) can be withdrawn. Note that some injectable vaccines are supplied in single-dose vials, and some contain more than one dose. You will learn how to use multi-dose vials in Study Session 7.
Vaccines (e.g. BCG) that are sensitive to light are supplied in dark glass vials or ampoules.
Figure 4.5 (a) Vials. (b) Ampoules, with a metal file to ‘scratch and break’ the neck of the ampoule. (Source: WHO, 1998, Immunization in Practice, Module 7, During a Session: Preparing Vaccines, Figures 7-M and 7-I)
Vials and ampoules should be carefully inspected for damage or contamination prior to use. The expiry date printed on the vial or ampoule, or the box they came in, should be checked. The expiry date gives the last day of the month that the vaccine or diluent can be used, unless otherwise stated on the package labelling. Expired vaccines and diluents should never be used. You will learn more about stock control to avoid wastage in Study Session 5.
Check the vaccine vial monitor (VVM), which is a label that changes colour when the vaccine vial has been exposed to heat over a period of time. The VVM enables you to check if the vaccine has not passed the discard point due to heat exposure. It cannot tell you if the vaccine has been damaged by freezing. You will learn more about this, and other components of the ‘cold chain’ for preserving vaccines, in Study Session 6.
What is the correct temperature for storing vaccines supplied as liquids?
It is between 2oC and 8oC, as you learned in Study Sessions 2 and 3.
4.1.4 Reconstituting BCG and measles vaccines with diluent
It is very important to reconstitute a powder vaccine using only the diluent provided by the manufacturer specifically for that vaccine
Reconstitution is the process of mixing vaccines that come as powders with the diluent provided with the vaccine. This section will also explain how to open vials and ampoules. BCG and measles vaccines are the two routine EPI vaccines that require reconstitution, following the steps below:
1 Wash your hands and organise your equipment and work area
Wash your hands with clean water and soap and follow the standard procedures outlined in Section 4.1. Your aim is to minimise the risk of infection or injury to yourself, your clients and their caregivers.
2 Inspect the vaccine vial or ampoule
Figure 4.6 (left arrow) The centre of the metal cap has been bent back and removed; (right arrow) the plastic stopper has been removed. (Source: WHO, 1998, Immunization in Practice, Module 8, During a Session: Giving Immunizations, p.4)
Measles vaccine powder (and most fully liquid vaccines) come in vials, but BCG vaccine powder comes in ampoules. Check that the vial or ampoule is not cracked. Check the vaccine vial monitor (VVM) and the expiry date as described above, and discard any vaccines that are no longer safe to use.
3 Tap the vial or ampoule
To make sure that all of the vaccine powder is at the bottom of the vial or ampoule, tap it with your finger.
4 Open the vaccine vial
The centre of the metal cap on a vaccine vial is pre-cut so that it can be removed easily. Lift the centre of the metal cap and bend it back, using a metal file. Some vials have plastic stoppers instead of metal caps. Flip off the stopper with your thumb. When the cap or stopper is removed, it reveals the rubber membrane on top of the vial, protecting the vaccine (Figure 4.6). How to open an ampoule of BCG vaccine is described in step 6.
5 Inspect the diluent
Most diluents for reconstituting vaccines come in sea
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