Marchington (1979) developed a model of technology
and power that is a function of three variables:
pervasiveness, immediacy and substitutability.
Pervasiveness refers to the degree of penetration of
the effects of a disruption into the organization;
immediacy refers to the speed of transmission of the
effects of a disruption; and substitutability refers to the
interchangeability of the resources mobilized internally
and externally to perform the activities of an
organization.