level of functional impairment was associated with an
increased risk of abuse in three studies [51, 56, 74];
however, these were lower quality studies, thereby limiting
the significance of thisfinding.
Poor physical health or frailty was a risk factor in four
general population studies and two studies of elders requiring assistance with ADLs. Low income or wealth was a risk
factor in four general population studies, e.g. OR 2.86
(1.33–6.16) to 4.13 (2.24–7.63) [27], OR 3.51 (2.02–6.1)
[20] and OR 4.84 (3.03–7.75) [34], and in one study of
elders requiring assistance with ADLs, OR 1.91 (1.10–3.34)
[60]. Trauma or past abuse was a risk factor in two general
population studies and two studies of elders requiring assistance with ADLs.