One of the main dilemmas of urban sanitation and solid waste
management in the large cities of East Africa is the failure and
weaknesses of both the large scale centralized systems that have
run relatively successfully in the urban centers of developed countries,
and small scale decentralized systems that are well-adapted
to the more remote rural areas in developing and transitional
countries. Recently scholars have started to work on ideas of what
they label modernized mixtures, an approach that takes the best
features out of both decentralized and centralized systems and
combines them into hybrid solutions which better fit specific local situations