2.Middle-or upper-income groups benefited more than low-income groups. In addition to
the problem of relatively high rents that excluded low-income residents, some public-housing schemes were restricted to certain people such as military personnel or mid-level civil servants, able to qualify for mortgages from commercial sources. In'other instances. Application procedures automatically ruled out many poor households. Female-headed households are often not eligible, even though half the households in low-income areas are headed by women. In others, proof of formal, stable employment is required.