Fruit production was assessed on 10 trees within each of the 113 agroforests at four stages during fruit development (see below). The first coffee tree was randomly selected in the agroforest. We then selected another 4 coffee trees, choosing every other tree in the same row. We repeated this selection procedure in a parallel row, although two rows removed from the first. Distance between sampled trees was 7–12 m. Average planting density was 1,240 (±20, SE) coffee plants per hectare.