frameworks across education and economic
organizations. The final list of
15 frameworks includes reports from
educational organizations such as the
American Association of Colleges and
Universities, the Educational Testing
Service, the Center for Public Education,
the International Society for Technology
in Education, WestEd, The Partnership
for 21st Century Skills, the MacArthur
Foundation, Center for Public Education,
the National Academy of Engineering;
corporations such as Cisco, Microsoft,
and Intel; international bodies
such as the European Union; business
interests such as the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development
& the Metiri Group; individual
scholars such as Howard Gardner and
Yong Zhao; and popular writers such as
Daniel Pink. These 15 reports, frameworks,
and books offer somewhat different
perspectives on what is meant by
21st century knowledge/skills/learning and
thus offer a somewhat comprehensive
overview of this field. A complete, annotated
list of the documents we selected
for further analysis can be found in Appendix
A (pp. 135–138).
We looked across frameworks with
one primary goal in mind: to identify
common recommendations and
elements of 21st century frameworks
in order to understand what types of
knowledge are claimed to be integral to
a 21st century approach.1
One thing became quite clear even
through a first reading of these various
documents: The various frameworks
offered two main justifications for the
need to rethink the kinds of knowledge
required for learning in this century—
technological modernization and globalization.
Technological modernization
includes the economic shift in developed
countries from manual and routine jobs
to an intellectual and knowledge economy,
and the diffusion of technology from
strictly the workplace into all aspects of
personal and professional life. Globalization
includes the breakdown of national
economic and social boundaries and the
introduction of a newly interconnected
and diverse global society, facilitated and
accelerated by technological modernization.
Given these two powerful forces
driving a new millennium of education,
this work seeks to elucidate each framework’s
conceptualization of what knowledge
is necessary for the 21st century.
Methodology
In the next part of the study, we focused
on a more detailed and systematic analysis
of what the 15 frameworks recommended
by coding individual elements
of each of the different frameworks. We
analyzed relevant documents to recognize
patterns and themes that emerged
from the data. As Anafara et. al. (2002)
have suggested, this form of analysis
brings “meaning, structure, and order
to data” and thus allows the researcher
to categorize it in meaningful ways. The
ultimate goal of analysis was to develop
a synthesis that captured the essential
elements of all 15 frameworks.
To make sense of the complex and
diffuse textual data at hand, it was
necessary to “horizontalize” the data. In
doing so, we broke the frameworks into
individual elements, which served as the
unit of analysis during coding. We accomplished
this horizontalization of the
data using the traditional “cutting and
sorting” technique (Ryan & Bernard,
2003), where we read the 15 manuscripts
carefully and typed out the essential
elements of each of these frameworks
on a separate sheet, printing the coded
identification of the origin of the element
along with the element so that we
could identify where the text came from.
We then spread these elements out,
read them, and sorted them into natural
clusters. We paid close attention to word
repetitions and synonyms as well as the
occurrence of keywords in context of the
phrases or sentences in which they occurred.
We then reviewed these individual
pieces and re-categorized them with
an eye for emergent themes. The first
two authors also engaged in a process of
“constant comparison”: As they placed
each element in a “group” or “category,”
they compared it to all the other elements
that were already in the category
(Glasser, 1965). They did this to ensure
that the categorization was consistent,
and they reconsidered and recategorized
elements that did not fit. The first two
authors engaged in this continuous iterative
process until there were no elements
that did not fit in specific categories.
We then arranged the “indigenous
categories” hierarchically (i.e., via a
branching arrangement of categories
and subcategories). The titles of these
categories (and subcategories) emerged
from the newly reorganized clusters.
The Synthesis:
The Framework of Frameworks
The analysis and review led to the
identification of three broad categories
with three subcategories within them.
The three broad categories are Foundational
Knowledge, Meta Knowledge, and
Humanistic Knowledge. Each category
and subcategory is comprised of references
from several, and in most cases
a vast majority, of the frameworks. For
example, the category Foundational
Knowledge emerged from subcategories
such as Core Content Knowledge. Core
Content Knowledge emerged from distinct
references from the Metiri Group
(2003) (high academic standards), European
Union (2006) (mathematical and
scientific competence), Partnership for
21st Skills (2007) (core subjects), American
Association of Colleges and Universities
(2007) (quantitative literacy),
Howard Gardner (2008) (disciplined
mind), Center for Public Education
(Jerald, 2009) (advanced knowledge in
traditional subjects), and Assessment
and Teaching of 21st Century Skills
(2012) (core curriculum). Similarly,
Meta Knowledge emerged from subcategories
such as Creativity and Innovation.
Creativity and Innovation emerged
from references from the Metiri Group
(2003) (inventive thinking), European
Union (2006) (creativity), ISTE (2007)
(creativity and innovation), Yong Zhao
(2009) (creativity), Partnership for
21st Century Skills (2007) (creativity),
American Association of Colleges and
กรอบการศึกษา และเศรษฐกิจองค์กร รายการสุดท้ายกรอบที่ 15 มีรายงานจากองค์กรทางการศึกษาเช่นการสมาคมอเมริกันของวิทยาลัย และมหาวิทยาลัย การทดสอบทางการศึกษาบริการ ศูนย์เพื่อการศึกษาสาธารณะสังคมระหว่างประเทศสำหรับเทคโนโลยีในการศึกษา WestEd ห้างหุ้นส่วนที่สำหรับศตวรรษที่ 21 ทักษะ แมคอาเธอร์มูลนิธิ ศูนย์กลางการศึกษาแห่งชาติสถาบันของงานวิศวกรรมบริษัทเช่น Cisco, Microsoftและ Intel องค์กรระหว่างประเทศเช่นสหภาพยุโรป ธุรกิจเช่นองค์กรสำหรับความร่วมมือทางเศรษฐกิจและการพัฒนาและ กลุ่ม Metiri แต่ละนักวิชาการเช่นโฮวาร์ดการ์ดเนอร์ และหยงเส้า และนักเขียนยอดนิยมเช่นสีชมพูแดเนียล รายงานเหล่านี้ 15 กรอบและหนังสือต่างมุมมองในสิ่งที่มีขึ้นโดยรู้ศตวรรษที่ 21 ทักษะการเรียนรู้ และจึง นำเสนอค่อนข้างครอบคลุมภาพรวมของฟิลด์นี้ ใส่คำอธิบายประกอบสมบูรณ์รายการของเอกสารที่เราเลือกสำหรับการวิเคราะห์เพิ่มเติมสามารถพบได้ในภาคผนวกการ (นำ 135-138)เรามองข้ามกรอบด้วยเป้าหมายหลักที่หนึ่งในใจ: ระบุคำแนะนำทั่วไป และองค์ประกอบของกรอบศตวรรษชนิดของความเข้าใจความรู้อ้างว่า จะไปapproach.1 ศตวรรษสิ่งหนึ่งที่เป็นได้ค่อนข้างชัดเจนผ่านเป็นครั้งแรกอ่านเหล่านี้ต่าง ๆเอกสาร: กรอบต่าง ๆเสนอเหตุผลสองหลักสำหรับการneed to rethink the kinds of knowledgerequired for learning in this century—technological modernization and globalization.Technological modernizationincludes the economic shift in developedcountries from manual and routine jobsto an intellectual and knowledge economy,and the diffusion of technology fromstrictly the workplace into all aspects ofpersonal and professional life. Globalizationincludes the breakdown of nationaleconomic and social boundaries and theintroduction of a newly interconnectedand diverse global society, facilitated andaccelerated by technological modernization.Given these two powerful forcesdriving a new millennium of education,this work seeks to elucidate each framework’sconceptualization of what knowledgeis necessary for the 21st century.MethodologyIn the next part of the study, we focusedon a more detailed and systematic analysisof what the 15 frameworks recommendedby coding individual elementsof each of the different frameworks. Weanalyzed relevant documents to recognizepatterns and themes that emergedfrom the data. As Anafara et. al. (2002)have suggested, this form of analysisbrings “meaning, structure, and orderto data” and thus allows the researcherto categorize it in meaningful ways. Theultimate goal of analysis was to developa synthesis that captured the essentialelements of all 15 frameworks.To make sense of the complex anddiffuse textual data at hand, it wasnecessary to “horizontalize” the data. Indoing so, we broke the frameworks intoindividual elements, which served as theunit of analysis during coding. We accomplishedthis horizontalization of thedata using the traditional “cutting andsorting” technique (Ryan & Bernard,2003), where we read the 15 manuscriptscarefully and typed out the essentialelements of each of these frameworkson a separate sheet, printing the codedidentification of the origin of the elementalong with the element so that wecould identify where the text came from.We then spread these elements out,read them, and sorted them into naturalclusters. We paid close attention to wordrepetitions and synonyms as well as theoccurrence of keywords in context of thephrases or sentences in which they occurred.We then reviewed these individualpieces and re-categorized them withan eye for emergent themes. The firsttwo authors also engaged in a process of“constant comparison”: As they placedeach element in a “group” or “category,”they compared it to all the other elementsthat were already in the category(Glasser, 1965). They did this to ensurethat the categorization was consistent,and they reconsidered and recategorizedelements that did not fit. The first twoauthors engaged in this continuous iterativeprocess until there were no elementsthat did not fit in specific categories.We then arranged the “indigenouscategories” hierarchically (i.e., via abranching arrangement of categoriesand subcategories). The titles of thesecategories (and subcategories) emergedfrom the newly reorganized clusters.The Synthesis:The Framework of FrameworksThe analysis and review led to theidentification of three broad categorieswith three subcategories within them.The three broad categories are FoundationalKnowledge, Meta Knowledge, andHumanistic Knowledge. Each categoryand subcategory is comprised of referencesfrom several, and in most casesa vast majority, of the frameworks. Forexample, the category FoundationalKnowledge emerged from subcategoriessuch as Core Content Knowledge. CoreContent Knowledge emerged from distinctreferences from the Metiri Group(2003) (high academic standards), EuropeanUnion (2006) (mathematical andscientific competence), Partnership for21st Skills (2007) (core subjects), AmericanAssociation of Colleges and Universities(2007) (quantitative literacy),Howard Gardner (2008) (disciplinedmind), Center for Public Education(Jerald, 2009) (advanced knowledge intraditional subjects), and Assessmentand Teaching of 21st Century Skills(2012) (core curriculum). Similarly,Meta Knowledge emerged from subcategoriessuch as Creativity and Innovation.Creativity and Innovation emergedfrom references from the Metiri Group(2003) (inventive thinking), EuropeanUnion (2006) (creativity), ISTE (2007)(creativity and innovation), Yong Zhao(2009) (creativity), Partnership for21st Century Skills (2007) (creativity),American Association of Colleges and
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