They also reported the use of water-containing ABE–bio diesel–diesel blends and found that both biodiesel–diesel blend and ABE–biodiesel–diesel blends had a lower PM than regular diesel, but only the latter simultaneously reduced NOx emission [20]. Zhou et al. [21,22] carried out a study on the combustion characteristics of ABE–diesel blends in a constant volume chamber. The longer ignition delay and soot lift-off length of ABE–diesel blends allowed more air entrainment upstream of the spray jet, thus providing better air–fuel mixing. Meanwhile ABE20 presented close-to-zero soot luminosity with better combustion efficiency compared to diesel at a low ambient temperature of 800 K and ambient oxygen concentration of 11%.