freight rate. This enables us to test a relatively broad range of potential relative prices across the modes, to represent different impacts of carbon pricing on the prices of freight transport services. The relatively higher range of deviations in transit time for road and rail was included to represent a relatively higher probability that these services could become slower through increased con- gestion, compared with the potential for current service speeds (which may be near free-flow speeds, on average) to decline substantially. The much higher service frequency for road (six to eight trips per business day) compared with rail (three to just over four trips per business day) and short sea shipping (one or two trips per week) represents the reality that road freight service is simply dominant in the potential to offer high frequencies of low volume service, and that short sea shipping is a higher volume but lower frequency option. Lastly, for all reliability measures for all modes, deviations of 10 per cent below and above the base values were specified to observe a reasonable degree of attribute level variation across the choice sets