The first model included measures of how time was spent throughout the lesson (i.e., before, during, and after reading). The second model included the number of times (frequency) teachers labeled, defined, and associated target vocabulary. The third model included how much time (duration) teachers spent labeling, defining, and associating target vocabulary. Finally, the fourth and fifth models mirrored the second and third, except that they included codes for duration and frequency of comprehension rather than target vocabulary. All covariates were entered in all five models for each outcome measure.