The three kinds of actors are called B-actors, I-actors and D-actors. They are elements of three
corresponding aspect systems of an organization: the B-system, the I-system, and the D-system. The
starting point and emphasis in DEMO is the B-system. Only in the B-system may new original facts be
created, to contribute to fulfilling the organization’s mission. The corresponding I-system and D-system are
part of the realization of the B-system, and so can be designed only after the B-system is designed.
Information and communication technology can be applied without any risk or harm to the I-system and the
D-system. However, one must be cautious in applying it to the B-system, to prevent machines from taking
over the responsibility of B-actors. One can only mimic or simulate B-systems. The triangular shape of the
levels in
Figure 3 shows that there is nothing ‘above’ the B-system, and that generally the amount of D-things
in an organization is much more than the amount of I-things, and that the amount of I-things is much more
than the amount of B-things.
The complete model of the B-system of an organization in DEMO is called the essential model of the
organization. It consists of an integrated set of four aspect models: the Construction Model (CM), the
Process Model (PM), the State Model (SM), and the Action Model (AM). The CM shows the actor roles
and the transaction types in which they play (as initiator and/or executor). The AM specifies the action
rules that the actors apply in carrying out their transactions. Based on the AAM, the PM shows how the
transaction types are causally and conditionally related, and the SM models the fact types that are created
and/or used in carrying out the transactions. Only the CM and the SM are elaborated in this paper.
Figure 4 shows the CM of the library case. The diagram (an Actor Transaction Diagram) shows the
actor roles, transaction types, and the relationships between them (i.e. which actor roles are initiator and/or
executor of which transaction types). An actor role is represented by a box; the transaction symbol is a
diamond (production) in a disk (coordination). The small black box denotes which actor role is the executor
of a transaction type. The boundary of the considered part of the library is represented by the gray-lined
open box. Actor roles inside the boundary are elementary actor roles—they execute exactly one transaction
type. Actor roles outside the boundary are (by definition) non-elementary, so-called system actor roles;
they are colored gray. Actually, what is inside the boundary is the 'uncovering' of the system actor role S01
(Library).
The table below the diagram (called a Transaction Result Table) lists all transaction types and
specifies for each the resulting P-event type. Actor roles A09 and A10 are self-activating actors: they are
both initiator and executor of the same transaction. This is how DEMO models periodic activities.
The three kinds of actors are called B-actors, I-actors and D-actors. They are elements of threecorresponding aspect systems of an organization: the B-system, the I-system, and the D-system. Thestarting point and emphasis in DEMO is the B-system. Only in the B-system may new original facts becreated, to contribute to fulfilling the organization’s mission. The corresponding I-system and D-system arepart of the realization of the B-system, and so can be designed only after the B-system is designed.Information and communication technology can be applied without any risk or harm to the I-system and theD-system. However, one must be cautious in applying it to the B-system, to prevent machines from takingover the responsibility of B-actors. One can only mimic or simulate B-systems. The triangular shape of thelevels inFigure 3 shows that there is nothing ‘above’ the B-system, and that generally the amount of D-thingsin an organization is much more than the amount of I-things, and that the amount of I-things is much morethan the amount of B-things.The complete model of the B-system of an organization in DEMO is called the essential model of theorganization. It consists of an integrated set of four aspect models: the Construction Model (CM), theProcess Model (PM), the State Model (SM), and the Action Model (AM). The CM shows the actor rolesand the transaction types in which they play (as initiator and/or executor). The AM specifies the actionrules that the actors apply in carrying out their transactions. Based on the AAM, the PM shows how thetransaction types are causally and conditionally related, and the SM models the fact types that are createdand/or used in carrying out the transactions. Only the CM and the SM are elaborated in this paper.Figure 4 shows the CM of the library case. The diagram (an Actor Transaction Diagram) shows theactor roles, transaction types, and the relationships between them (i.e. which actor roles are initiator and/orexecutor of which transaction types). An actor role is represented by a box; the transaction symbol is adiamond (production) in a disk (coordination). The small black box denotes which actor role is the executorof a transaction type. The boundary of the considered part of the library is represented by the gray-linedopen box. Actor roles inside the boundary are elementary actor roles—they execute exactly one transactiontype. Actor roles outside the boundary are (by definition) non-elementary, so-called system actor roles;they are colored gray. Actually, what is inside the boundary is the 'uncovering' of the system actor role S01(Library).The table below the diagram (called a Transaction Result Table) lists all transaction types andspecifies for each the resulting P-event type. Actor roles A09 and A10 are self-activating actors: they areboth initiator and executor of the same transaction. This is how DEMO models periodic activities.
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