Fighting fish specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol for long-term storage. The left side of all specimens was used for morphometric measurements point to point using digital Vernier caliper readings to the nearest 0.1 mm according to the method of Schindler and Schmidt (2006) and Tan & Ng (2005), both modified from Witte & Schmidt (1992). Ratios are given in percent standard length or percent head length. The terminology and general format of description is based on Witte & Schmidt (1992), Tan & Kottelat (1998), and Tan & Ng (2005). Meristic counts were carried out as described by Witte and Schmidt (1992) except for the number of predorsal scales, which were counted continuously following Ng & Kottelat (1994). The phylogenetic species concept is used in this study (Cracraft, 1989; see Tan & Ng, 2005).