DNA Replication ProcessCell, like t

DNA Replication Process
Cell, like these prokaryotic E. coli cells, replicate themselves quickly and efficiently. Part of the process of asexual reproduction is the ability of cells to make identical copies of their DNA before cell division occurs. Prokaryotic cells that reproduce by binary fission rely on the fast, accurate process of DNA replication to ensure future generations of cells will have the same genetic instructions as the parent cell. The structure of DNA aids in the speed and accuracy of replication. Double stranded DNA is a polymer of two strands of nucleotides which are hydrogen bonded to each other to from a double helix. Nucleotides are molecules that consist of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate groups. The nitrogenous bases include cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine. Cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine and thymine forms two hydrogen bonds with adenine. This is referred to as complementary base pairing. The double helix will have one strand oriented in a 5’-3’ direction relative to the hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose sugar, and the other strand oriented in 3’-5’ direction. This shows the antiparallel nature of the DNA strands. The complementary base pairing in the structure of DNA allows replication to be executed in a semi-conservative manner. Each strand of the DNA molecule is used as a template in the creation of new double strand. Replication begins with double stranded DNA being separated and each original strand, called a parent strand, is use as a template for the complementary base pairing of nucleotides to make two new molecules. DNA replication occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction, adding new nucleotides to the 3’ end of the newly forming strand. DNA replication will begin at a specific area of the molecule called the origin of replication. The origin of replication denotes the area of active replication called the replication fork. In order to understand how complex eukaryotic organisms replication DNA, scientists first studied replication in prokaryotic models, like E. coli. A number of enzymes are needed for replication to proceed once the replication fork is established. Helicase separates the strands of the double helix and single stranded binding proteins stabilize the newly single stranded regions. DNA gyrase is use to make sure the double stranded areas outside of the replication fork do not supercoil. Once the replication fork is stable, DNA polymerase catalyze the addition of new nucleotides to the growing daughter strand. Other proteins, such as beta clamps and the clamp loader, help hold the DNA polymerase in place on the DNA. Short sequences of RNA, called primers, have to be paired to the template strands by the enzyme primase because DNA polymerase cannot begin to add nucleotides without a primer. Replication of both strands occurs at the same time, one using continuous synthesis and the other, discontinuous. Continuous synthesis occurs on the 3’-5’ oriented parent strand, referred to as the leading strand. New nucleotides are added to the 3’ end moving continuously towards the expanding replication fork. Discontinuous synthesis occurs on the parent strand that is oriented 5’-3’, called the lagging strand, and is completed in segments called Okazaki fragments. Replication on this strand uses primase to add primers ahead of the 5’ end of the lagging strand. DNA polymerase ııı then adds short sequences of nucleotides, the Okazaki fragments, to the primer filling in the gap. As the helix is opened further, this process repeats until the entire strand is replicated. DNA polymerase I replaces the RNA primers with DNA nucleotides and DNA ligase is used to ensure bonding between the fragments and the replaced nucleotides. Once both the leading and lagging strands have completed their replication, two identical copies of the DNA molecule result. The process of DNA replication allows actively dividing bacterial cells to make sure all daughter cells have the same genetic instructions as the parent cell allowing them to function in the same manner of individuals in a colony.

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 1:

กระบวนการจำลองดีเอ็นเอCell, like these prokaryotic E. coli cells, replicate themselves quickly and efficiently. Part of the process of asexual reproduction is the ability of cells to make identical copies of their DNA before cell division occurs. Prokaryotic cells that reproduce by by TheAdBlock"> binary fission rely on the fast, accurate process of DNA replication to ensure future generations of cells will have the same genetic instructions as the parent cell. The structure of DNA aids in the speed and accuracy of replication. Double stranded DNA is a polymer of two strands of nucleotides which are hydrogen bonded to each other to from a double helix. Nucleotides are molecules that consist of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate groups. The nitrogenous bases include cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine. Cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine and thymine forms two hydrogen bonds with adenine. This is referred to as complementary base pairing. The double helix will have one strand oriented in a 5’-3’ direction relative to the hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose sugar, and the other strand oriented in 3’-5’ direction. This shows the antiparallel nature of the DNA strands. The complementary base pairing in the structure of DNA allows replication to be executed in a semi-conservative manner. Each strand of the DNA molecule is used as a template in the creation of new double strand. Replication begins with double stranded DNA being separated and each original strand, called a parent strand, is use as a template for the complementary base pairing of nucleotides to make two new molecules. DNA replication occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction, adding new nucleotides to the 3’ end of the newly forming strand. DNA replication will begin at a specific area of the molecule called the origin of replication. The origin of replication denotes the area of active replication called the replication fork. In order to understand how complex eukaryotic organisms replication DNA, scientists first studied replication in prokaryotic models, like E. coli. A number of enzymes are needed for replication to proceed once the replication fork is established. Helicase separates the strands of the double helix and single stranded binding proteins stabilize the newly single stranded regions. DNA gyrase is use to make sure the double stranded areas outside of the replication fork do not supercoil. Once the replication fork is stable, DNA polymerase catalyze the addition of new nucleotides to the growing daughter strand. Other proteins, such as beta clamps and the clamp loader, help hold the DNA polymerase in place on the DNA. Short sequences of RNA, called primers, have to be paired to the template strands by the enzyme primase because DNA polymerase cannot begin to add nucleotides without a primer. Replication of both strands occurs at the same time, one using continuous synthesis and the other, discontinuous. Continuous synthesis occurs on the 3’-5’ oriented parent strand, referred to as the leading strand. New nucleotides are added to the 3’ end moving continuously towards the expanding replication fork. Discontinuous synthesis occurs on the parent strand that is oriented 5’-3’, called the lagging strand, and is completed in segments called Okazaki fragments. Replication on this strand uses primase to add primers ahead of the 5’ end of the lagging strand. DNA polymerase ııı then adds short sequences of nucleotides, the Okazaki fragments, to the primer filling in the gap. As the helix is opened further, this process repeats until the entire strand is replicated. DNA polymerase I replaces the RNA primers with DNA nucleotides and DNA ligase is used to ensure bonding between the fragments and the replaced nucleotides. Once both the leading and lagging strands have completed their replication, two identical copies of the DNA molecule result. The process of DNA replication allows actively dividing bacterial cells to make sure all daughter cells have the same genetic instructions as the parent cell allowing them to function in the same manner of individuals in a colony.

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 2:

DNA Replication Process
Cell, like these prokaryotic E. coli cells, replicate themselves quickly and efficiently. Part of the process of asexual reproduction is the ability of cells to make identical copies of their DNA before cell division occurs. Prokaryotic cells that reproduce by by TheAdBlock"> binary fission rely on the fast, accurate process of DNA replication to ensure future generations of cells will have the same genetic instructions as the parent cell. The structure of DNA aids in the speed and accuracy of replication. Double stranded DNA is a polymer of two strands of nucleotides which are hydrogen bonded to each other to from a double helix. Nucleotides are molecules that consist of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate groups. The nitrogenous bases include cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine. Cytosine forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine and thymine forms two hydrogen bonds with adenine. This is referred to as complementary base pairing. The double helix will have one strand oriented in a 5’-3’ direction relative to the hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose sugar, and the other strand oriented in 3’-5’ direction. This shows the antiparallel nature of the DNA strands. The complementary base pairing in the structure of DNA allows replication to be executed in a semi-conservative manner. Each strand of the DNA molecule is used as a template in the creation of new double strand. Replication begins with double stranded DNA being separated and each original strand, called a parent strand, is use as a template for the complementary base pairing of nucleotides to make two new molecules. DNA replication occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction, adding new nucleotides to the 3’ end of the newly forming strand. DNA replication will begin at a specific area of the molecule called the origin of replication. The origin of replication denotes the area of active replication called the replication fork. In order to understand how complex eukaryotic organisms replication DNA, scientists first studied replication in prokaryotic models, like E. coli. A number of enzymes are needed for replication to proceed once the replication fork is established. Helicase separates the strands of the double helix and single stranded binding proteins stabilize the newly single stranded regions. DNA gyrase is use to make sure the double stranded areas outside of the replication fork do not supercoil. Once the replication fork is stable, DNA polymerase catalyze the addition of new nucleotides to the growing daughter strand. Other proteins, such as beta clamps and the clamp loader, help hold the DNA polymerase in place on the DNA. Short sequences of RNA, called primers, have to be paired to the template strands by the enzyme primase because DNA polymerase cannot begin to add nucleotides without a primer. Replication of both strands occurs at the same time, one using continuous synthesis and the other, discontinuous. Continuous synthesis occurs on the 3’-5’ oriented parent strand, referred to as the leading strand. New nucleotides are added to the 3’ end moving continuously towards the expanding replication fork. Discontinuous synthesis occurs on the parent strand that is oriented 5’-3’, called the lagging strand, and is completed in segments called Okazaki fragments. Replication on this strand uses primase to add primers ahead of the 5’ end of the lagging strand. DNA polymerase ııı then adds short sequences of nucleotides, the Okazaki fragments, to the primer filling in the gap. As the helix is opened further, this process repeats until the entire strand is replicated. DNA polymerase I replaces the RNA primers with DNA nucleotides and DNA ligase is used to ensure bonding between the fragments and the replaced nucleotides. Once both the leading and lagging strands have completed their replication, two identical copies of the DNA molecule result. The process of DNA replication allows actively dividing bacterial cells to make sure all daughter cells have the same genetic instructions as the parent cell allowing them to function in the same manner of individuals in a colony.