Our analyses of these scales do show they separate in factor analyses (Pintrich et al, 1991;
1993) from the cognitive and metacognitive scales. In addition, they do show reasonable
internal consistency. Alphas for effort regulation have ranged from .69 to .82 and for time and
study regulation from .65 to .76. Although we have not investigated these scales as often in our
research, they do show the theoretically predicted relations with adaptive motivational beliefs
such as self-efficacy, task value, and goals. Students who have adaptive profiles of motivation
such as higher self-efficacy, higher task value, and mastery goals are more likely to regulate their
effort and time/study environment (correlations range from .12 to .57. In addition, these two
scales have shown moderate correlations with achievement measures (correlations range from
.10 to .32). In summary, these measures, although not as strongly related to achievement as
some of the cognitive and metacognitive strategy scales, do show reasonable construct validity.