obtain a detailed pain history, including the following: Location and onset of pain Presence of radiating pain Recurrent (duration and frequency) or continuous Precipitating factors Relief factors (preference for standing down) Aggravating factors (sitting, jarring movements) ssess for changes in sensorimotor function, including Absent lordosis Lumbar scoliosis Limited movement or flexion Slight motor weakness Decreased knee and ankle reflexes Paresthesia or numbness Changes in bowel or bladder function