The results indicate that the reuse of wastewater and sludge results in: (a) the development of linked
regional value chains; (b) lower costs of wastewater treatment and sludge disposal; (c) higher profitability
and added-value in crop production; and (d) a high share (77%) of regional added-value. However,
the results also show that the reuse of wastewater and sludge within linked value-chains can restrict
actors and lead to crowding out effects on the added-value.