The second category deals with the non-
complementary relationship among KM strategies. The
gist of these studies is that using bundles of KM strate-
gies does not guarantee increased organizational per-
formance. Hansen et al. [4] proposed that companies
should pursue either codification (explicit-oriented) or
personalization (tacit-oriented) strategy but not both to
utilize the organizational knowledge effectively. Keskin
[19] argued that the impact on organizational perfor-
mance is higher with explicit-oriented strategy than the
tacit-oriented one. Pai [8] found that overall creationists
(adopters of complementary set of external-oriented
and internal-oriented strategies) achieved lower perfor-
mance than internal exploiters. Schulz and Jobe [20]
suggested that a focused strategy is superior to the
other strategies. Swan et al. [21] posited that a com-
munity (tacit-oriented) strategy is better than cognitive
(explicit-oriented) strategy.