Now let us apply the concepts to a complicated function. Assume a function
FðsÞ ¼
Qm
i¼1
ðs þ ziÞ
Qn
j¼1
ðs þ pj
Þ
¼
Q
Q numerator’s complex factors
denominator’s complex factors
ð8:4Þ
where the symbol
Q
means ‘‘product,’’ m ¼ number of zeros; and n ¼ number of
poles. Each factor in the numerator and each factor in the denominator is a complex
number that can be represented as a vector. The function defines the complex
arithmetic to be performed in order to evaluate F(s) at any point, s. Since each complex
factor can be thought of as a vector, the magnitude, M, of F(s) at any point, s, is