Global Journal of Health Science; Vol. 6, No. 4; 2014
ISSN 1916-9736 E-ISSN 1916-9744
Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education
The Effect of Facilitated Tucking during Endotracheal Suctioning on
Procedural Pain in Preterm Neonates: A Randomized Controlled
Crossover Study
Mona Alinejad-Naeini1, Parisa Mohagheghi2, Hamid Peyrovi3 & Abbas Mehran4
1 Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Hazrat Rasoul
Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3 Center for Nursing Care Research, Department of Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery,
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4 School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence: Parisa Mohagheghi, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Newborn Intensive
Care Unit (NICU), Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Niayesh St, Sattarkhan Ave, Tehran, Iran. Tel:
98-912-132-4615. E-mail: pmohagh@yahoo.com
Received: February 28, 2014 Accepted: March 24, 2014 Online Published: May 4, 2014
doi:10.5539/gjhs.v6n4p278 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v6n4p278
Abstract
Background: Premature infants not only feel and understand the pain, but also respond more intensively
compared with term infants. Non-pharmacological methods of pain control are suitable to relieve pain in painful
procedures. The facilitated tucking position is considered as a non-pharmacological method of pain control in
infants; however, its impact on frequent and repeated procedural pain such as endotracheal suctioning remains to
be studied.
Objectives: This paper is the report of a study that examined the impact of facilitated tucking position on
behavioral pain during suctioning in premature neonates. Design: This was a clinical trial study with a crossover
design. Settings: The study was conducted in a level II Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, located in a teaching
hospital, affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Participants: Thirty four infants were
enrolled in this study based on the following inclusion criteria: age between 29 to 37 weeks of gestational age,
birth weight 1200 grams or more, having an endotracheal tube, no congenital anomalies, no seizures diagnosis,
no chest tubes, no intracranial hemorrhage higher than degree II, not receiving opiates and sedatives four hours
before intervention and not receiving any painful procedure at least half an hour before the intervention. Methods:
The samples were randomly received a sequence of suctioning with/without or suctioning without/with
facilitated tucking. Preterm Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) was used to collect the data. SPSS version 16.0 for
Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis.
Results: While 38.2% of infants experienced severe pain during suctioning without intervention, only 8.8% of
them experienced severe pain during suctioning with intervention. The results of the paired t-test show that there
is a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of pain between non-intervention and intervention cases
(p<0.001), and the mean pain score substantially reduced in cases with intervention.
Conclusions: Given the multiplicity of endotracheal suctioning frequency and the impossibility of frequent use
of pharmacological methods of pain relief, the facilitated tucking position can be used as a safe
non-pharmacological method for procedural pain management.
Keywords: endotracheal suction, facilitated tucking, preterm neonate, procedural pain
1. Introduction
Annually, about 13 million premature infants are born worldwide which represents 9% of total births (Als, 2009).
This rate reaches to 40% in underdeveloped and developing countries. Virtually All newborns less than 27 weeks
old, 80% of infants of 27 to 30 weeks old and approximately 30% of infants between 30 to 32 weeks old need
278
www.ccsenet.org/gjhs Global Journal of Health Science Vol. 6, No. 4; 2014
endotracheal intubation immediately after birth (Muller et al., 2003). It is known that respiratory support and
related procedures, such as endotracheal suctioning in children provoke response to stress by the endocrine
glands. Research has shown that premature neonates not only feel and understand the pain, but also respond
more intensively compared with term neonates (Hill & Latour, 2005; Menon & McIntosh, 2008).
During hospitalization in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, premature neonates require more frequent routine care
and procedures than term neonates, therefore, the hypersensitivity elongates and the pain threshold reduces. As a
result, non-noxious stimuli such as changing the position and performing routine care may become painful for
them and causes stress responses (Hill & Latour, 2005). Inadequate pain management in infants may lead to
permanent changes in the process of organizing the brain and appearing maladaptive behaviors (Anand, 2000).
Pain may also have detrimental effects on child's future abilities to learn and remember new information
(Weinstein, 2001).
Nurses and other health care team members need to know how to control pain with pharmacological and
non-pharmacological approaches (Hill & Latour, 2005). The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends
(2000) to use painful procedures in a neonatal intensive care unit only when necessary.
Pain in neonates is controlled by pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. To control severe pain,
some medications such as opiates may be used; however, the use of drugs is not without risk and may cause
symptoms such as respiratory depression, nausea, seizures and physiological dependence (Schellack,
2011). These side effects may justify the inadequate management of pain in preterm infants (Hill & Latour,
2005). Non-pharmacological methods of pain control are suitable to relieve pain in painful procedures, since
they have short-term impact and are well-tolerated (Menon & Mcintosh, 2008).
Reducing light and noise and changing positions as a part of the developmental care program, aimed at
increasing the infant’s energy to cope with painful procedures, are recommended as one of the pain management
strategies (Axelin, 2010). Providing direct support like touching the infant helps to the developmental behaviors,
and the neonate can better adapt to the life stress out of the womb (Axelin, Salantera, & Lehtonen, 2006).
According to Cignacco et al. (2012), the use of touch and positioning the infant is among these supports, which
is called facilitated tucking position. Recent studies have shown that the facilitated tucking position reduces pain
during blood sampling in neonates (Corff, Seideman, Venkataraman, Lutes & Yates, 1995). The facilitated
tucking position includes keeping newborn with warm hands as a tactile and thermal stimulus, which reduces
pain during the aggressive procedures (Liaw et al., 2012). Although there are studies that support the
effectiveness of developmental care, but there are few studies on confirming the impact of these procedures in
frequent and repeated pains (Cignacco et al., 2007).
2. The Study
2.1 Aim
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of facilitated tucking position on behavioral pain during
suctioning in premature neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. In this study, the following
hypothesis was tested:
“The score of pain during suctioning in facilitated tucking position is less than the pain score during suctioning
alone.”
2.2 Design
This was a clinical trial study with a crossover design, in which subjects randomly received a sequence of either
suctioning with intervention- suctioning without intervention or suctioning without intervention- suctioning with
intervention.
2.3 Participants
The study was conducted in a level II Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, affiliated with Tehran University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Sampling was done purposefully by the main researcher from January 2013 to May 2013,
based on the following inclusion criteria: age between 29 to 37 weeks of gestational age, birth weight 1200
grams or more, having an endotracheal tube, no congenital anomalies, no seizures diagnosis, no chest tubes, no
intracranial hemorrhage higher than degree II, not receiving opiates and sedatives four hours before intervention
and not receiving any painful procedure at least half an hour before the intervention. Thirty four neonates who
met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study. After that, random sequencing was done to determine the
intervention- non intervention receiving order for each neonate by the main researcher.
279
www.ccsenet.org/gjhs Global Journal of Health Science Vol. 6, No. 4; 2014
2.4 Data Collection
Demographic characteristics form and Preterm Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) were used to collect the data. The
information on gestational age, weight, underlying diseases and the Apgar Score at fifth minute and the method
of delivery were collected using the demographic characteristics form. Given that the dependent variable in this
study was pain during suctioning, the PIPP tool was used to measure this variable. The PIPP is a relatively easier
tool which does not require extensive training (Hill et al., 2005; Ballantyne, Stevens, McAlister, Dionne; & Jack,
1999). The PIPP is used to assess procedural pain and includes heart rate, oxygen saturation, closing the eyes,
nose-lip chin, brow bulge as well as gestational age and the mode of behavior for pain assessment (Obeidat,
Kahalaf, Callister, & Froelicher, 2009). Considering that arterial oxygen saturation and heart rate are used to
determine the pain score, these values were observed through the monitor an
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..