Our research focuses on the molecular structure, transport mechanism, and biochemical regulation of the membrane transport systems in plant cells, with the objective of elucidating their structure-function relationship and physiological roles. At present we investigate the vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase, H+-ATPase, Zn2+/H+ antiporter, aquaporins, metal transporters, and novel Ca2+-binding proteins. This information will introduce a higher order of molecular aspect in cell dynamics of plants.