2.3. Process evaluation
The concentration processes were evaluated with respect to
permeate flux and volumetric reduction ratio (VRR), which were
calculated according to the following equations:
J ¼
V
A t ð1Þ
VRR ¼
VC
VF
ð2Þ
where V is the permeated volume in a time t, A is the membrane
surface area, VC is the final volume of concentrate and VF is the initial
feed volume.The concentration factor (CF), defined as the concentration
of the component i in concentrate (Xi,C) and feed (Xi,F)
fractions was also calculated