Measurement model results
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) validated the measurements used in this study.
CFA was computed with maximum likelihood method using AMOS graphics version
7.0. The chi-square value was measured for evaluating overall model fit
(x2
ð284Þ¼ 1020:07, p , 0:001). The chi-square test was significant, suggesting the
rejection of the model. However, with a very large sample size, even small differences
between the observed model and the perfect-fit model can be found significant, which
means that the chi-square statistic nearly always rejects the model when a large
sample is used ( Jo ¨reskog and So ¨rbom, 1993). Therefore, relative chi-square
(x2
=df ratio ¼ 3:59) was examined and it was within the recommended range from
as high as 5.0 to as low as 2.0 (Wheaton et al., 1977; Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007). Other
fit indices also demonstrate that the model has an acceptable fit: GFI ¼ 0:92;
CFI ¼ 0:94; RMSEA ¼ 0:054.
Convergent validity was assessed by examining the statistical significance of the