Water temperature may also play a role in how well water exercises
are tolerated [82].Warmwater immersion resulted in an increase in cardiac
output, decrease in heart rate and a general improvement in systolic
and diastolic dysfunction in patients with heart failure (average LVEF
of 31%) [83]. While cardiac index was shown to increase appropriately
in moderately cold water (22 °C), there was a significant increase in
the number of PVC’s as compared to warm water (32 °C) in patients
with heart failure [74]. The benefit of warm water exercises may be
due in part to afterload reduction resulting from the peripheral vasodilatation
caused by the higher temperatures.