where is a depth in the ground at which the amplitude of the electric and magnetic fields can be assumed to be zero. In general, is on the order of a skin-depth corresponding to the frequency under consideration. For most of the frequencies of interest, the lower limit of the integral in the case of the vertical field can be replaced by zero. The reasons for this are the following: first, the vertical electric field inside the ground is smaller by a factor of compared with the electric field in air; second, the relaxation time of the ground for conductivity 0.001 S/m and for relative dielectric constant of 5 is about 45 ns and the relaxation time decreases with increasing conductivity. Therefore, for variations of the electric fields which take place over times longer than about 50 ns the vertical electric field in the ground can be neglected. For most of the lightning generated EM fields that have propagated over sea water, the risetimes are longer than 50 ns and the risetime