it is important to emphasize that the strength of various Earth materials is a function of both their composition and the temperature and pressure of their environment. The entire litho- sphere does not behave like a brittle solid similar to rocks found on the surface. Rather, the rocks of the lithosphere get progressively hotter and weaker (more easily deformed) with increasing depth. At the depth the uppermost asthenosphere, rocks are close enough to their melting temperature that they are very easily deformed, and some melting may actually occur. Thus, the uppermost asthenosphere is weak because it is near its melting point, just as hot wax is weaker than cold wax From 660 kilometers (410 miles) deep to the top of the core, at a depth of 2,900 kilometers (1,800 miles), is the lower mantle. Because of an increase in pressure (caused by the weight of the rock above), the mantle gradually strengthens with depth. Despite