Religious fundamentalism usually begins as a response to what is often experienced as a materialistic assault by the liberal or secular world. Drawing on revivalist themes popularized in the 18th century by theologian Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, bin Laden and his followers seek to return the Muslim world to a pure and authentic form of Islam by any means necessary. Their enemies are not merely the American-led forces of globalization, but also those domestic groups who have accepted the alien influences of modernity and imposed them on Muslim peoples. The terrorist methods of Osama bin Laden and his Al Qaeda followers may contradict basic Islamic teachings, but their struggle against globalization finds its ideological sustenance in particularist protectionist values and beliefs.