Economy and industry
The quick industrialization and rapid growth of Taiwan during the latter half of the 20th century has been called the "Taiwan Miracle". Taiwan is one of the "Four Asian Tigers" alongside Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore.
Japanese rule prior to and during World War II brought changes in the public and private sectors, most notably in the area of public works, which enabled rapid communications and facilitated transport throughout much of the island. The Japanese also improved public education and made it compulsory for all residents of Taiwan.
By 1945, hyperinflation was in progress in mainland China and Taiwan as a result of the war with Japan. To isolate Taiwan from it, the Nationalist government created a new currency area for the island, and began a price stabilization program. These efforts significantly slowed inflation.
When the KMT government fled to Taiwan it brought millions of taels (where 1 tael ~1.2 ozt) of gold and the foreign currency reserve of mainland China, which, according to the KMT, stabilized prices and reduced hyperinflation.[184] Perhaps more importantly, as part of its retreat to Taiwan, the KMT brought the intellectual and business elites from Mainland China.[185] The KMT government instituted many laws and land reforms that it had never effectively enacted on mainland China. The government also implemented a policy of import-substitution, attempting to produce imported goods domestically.
In 1950, with the outbreak of the Korean War, the United States began an aid program which resulted in fully stabilized prices by 1952.[186] Economic development was encouraged by American economic aid and programs such as the Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction, which turned the agricultural sector into the basis for later growth. Under the combined stimulus of the land reform and the agricultural development programs, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 4 per cent from 1952 to 1959, which was greater than the population growth, 3.6%.[187]
In 1962, Taiwan had a (nominal) per-capita gross national product (GNP) of $170, placing its economy on a par with those of Zaire and Congo. On a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis, its GDP per capita in early 1960s was $1,353 (in 1990 prices).[188] By 2011 per-capita GNP, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP), had risen to $37,000, contributing to a Human Development Index (HDI) equivalent to that of other developed countries. Taiwan's HDI in 2012 is 0.890, (23rd, very high), according to the UN's new "Inequality-adjusted HDI" calculation method.
In 1974, Chiang Ching-kuo implemented the Ten Major Construction Projects, the beginning foundations that helped Taiwan transform into its current export driven economy. Since the 1990s, a number of Taiwan-based technology firms have expanded their reach around the world. Well-known international technology companies headquartered in Taiwan include personal computer manufacturers Acer Inc. and Asus, mobile phone maker HTC, as well as electronics manufacturing giant Foxconn, which makes products for Apple, Amazon, and Microsoft. Computex Taipei is a major computer expo, held since 1981.
Two THSR 700T trains
Taiwan High Speed Rail, with trains running at speeds above 300 km/h, links Taipei and the southern port city of Kaohsiung in just 90 minutes.
Today Taiwan has a dynamic, capitalist, export-driven economy with gradually decreasing state involvement in investment and foreign trade. In keeping with this trend, some large government-owned banks and industrial firms are being privatized.[189] Real growth in GDP has averaged about 8% during the past three decades. Exports have provided the primary impetus for industrialization. The trade surplus is substantial, and foreign reserves are the world's fifth largest.[190] The Republic of China has its own currency, the New Taiwan dollar.
Since the beginning of the 1990s, the economic ties between Taiwan and Mainland China have been very prolific. As of 2008, more than US$150 billion[191] have been invested in the PRC by Taiwanese companies, and about 10% of the Taiwanese labour force works in the PRC, often to run their own businesses.[192] Although the economy of Taiwan benefits from this situation, some have expressed the view that the island has become increasingly dependent on the Mainland Chinese economy. A 2008 white paper by the Department of Industrial Technology states that "Taiwan should seek to maintain stable relation with China while continuing to protect national security, and avoiding excessive 'Sinicization' of Taiwanese economy."[193] Others argue that close economic ties between Taiwan and Mainland China would make any military intervention by the PLA against Taiwan very costly, and therefore less probable.[194]
Taiwan's total trade in 2010 reached an all-time high of US$526.04 billion, according to Taiwan's Ministry of Finance. Both exports and imports for the year reached record levels, totaling US$274.64 billion and US$251.4 billion, respectively.[195]
Paddy field in Yilan County
In 2001, agriculture constituted only 2% of GDP, down from 35% in 1952.[196] Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being moved offshore and with more capital and technology-intensive industries replacing them. High-technology industrial parks have sprung up in every region in Taiwan. The ROC has become a major foreign investor in the PRC, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam. It is estimated that some 50,000 Taiwanese businesses and 1,000,000 businesspeople and their dependents are established in the PRC.[197]
Because of its conservative financial approach and its entrepreneurial strengths, Taiwan suffered little compared with many of its neighbors from the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Unlike its neighbors, South Korea and Japan, the Taiwanese economy is dominated by small and medium sized businesses, rather than the large business groups. The global economic downturn, however, combined with poor policy coordination by the new administration and increasing bad debts in the banking system, pushed Taiwan into recession in 2001, the first whole year of negative growth since 1947. Due to the relocation of many manufacturing and labor intensive industries to the PRC, unemployment also reached a level not seen since the 1970s oil crisis. This became a major issue in the 2004 presidential election. Growth averaged more than 4% in the 2002–2006 period and the unemployment rate fell below 4%.[198]
The ROC often joins international organizations under a politically neutral name. The ROC is a member of governmental trade organizations such as the World Trade Organization under the name Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei) since 2002.[199]
Economy and industry
The quick industrialization and rapid growth of Taiwan during the latter half of the 20th century has been called the "Taiwan Miracle". Taiwan is one of the "Four Asian Tigers" alongside Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore.
Japanese rule prior to and during World War II brought changes in the public and private sectors, most notably in the area of public works, which enabled rapid communications and facilitated transport throughout much of the island. The Japanese also improved public education and made it compulsory for all residents of Taiwan.
By 1945, hyperinflation was in progress in mainland China and Taiwan as a result of the war with Japan. To isolate Taiwan from it, the Nationalist government created a new currency area for the island, and began a price stabilization program. These efforts significantly slowed inflation.
When the KMT government fled to Taiwan it brought millions of taels (where 1 tael ~1.2 ozt) of gold and the foreign currency reserve of mainland China, which, according to the KMT, stabilized prices and reduced hyperinflation.[184] Perhaps more importantly, as part of its retreat to Taiwan, the KMT brought the intellectual and business elites from Mainland China.[185] The KMT government instituted many laws and land reforms that it had never effectively enacted on mainland China. The government also implemented a policy of import-substitution, attempting to produce imported goods domestically.
In 1950, with the outbreak of the Korean War, the United States began an aid program which resulted in fully stabilized prices by 1952.[186] Economic development was encouraged by American economic aid and programs such as the Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction, which turned the agricultural sector into the basis for later growth. Under the combined stimulus of the land reform and the agricultural development programs, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 4 per cent from 1952 to 1959, which was greater than the population growth, 3.6%.[187]
In 1962, Taiwan had a (nominal) per-capita gross national product (GNP) of $170, placing its economy on a par with those of Zaire and Congo. On a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis, its GDP per capita in early 1960s was $1,353 (in 1990 prices).[188] By 2011 per-capita GNP, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP), had risen to $37,000, contributing to a Human Development Index (HDI) equivalent to that of other developed countries. Taiwan's HDI in 2012 is 0.890, (23rd, very high), according to the UN's new "Inequality-adjusted HDI" calculation method.
In 1974, Chiang Ching-kuo implemented the Ten Major Construction Projects, the beginning foundations that helped Taiwan transform into its current export driven economy. Since the 1990s, a number of Taiwan-based technology firms have expanded their reach around the world. Well-known international technology companies headquartered in Taiwan include personal computer manufacturers Acer Inc. and Asus, mobile phone maker HTC, as well as electronics manufacturing giant Foxconn, which makes products for Apple, Amazon, and Microsoft. Computex Taipei is a major computer expo, held since 1981.
Two THSR 700T trains
Taiwan High Speed Rail, with trains running at speeds above 300 km/h, links Taipei and the southern port city of Kaohsiung in just 90 minutes.
Today Taiwan has a dynamic, capitalist, export-driven economy with gradually decreasing state involvement in investment and foreign trade. In keeping with this trend, some large government-owned banks and industrial firms are being privatized.[189] Real growth in GDP has averaged about 8% during the past three decades. Exports have provided the primary impetus for industrialization. The trade surplus is substantial, and foreign reserves are the world's fifth largest.[190] The Republic of China has its own currency, the New Taiwan dollar.
Since the beginning of the 1990s, the economic ties between Taiwan and Mainland China have been very prolific. As of 2008, more than US$150 billion[191] have been invested in the PRC by Taiwanese companies, and about 10% of the Taiwanese labour force works in the PRC, often to run their own businesses.[192] Although the economy of Taiwan benefits from this situation, some have expressed the view that the island has become increasingly dependent on the Mainland Chinese economy. A 2008 white paper by the Department of Industrial Technology states that "Taiwan should seek to maintain stable relation with China while continuing to protect national security, and avoiding excessive 'Sinicization' of Taiwanese economy."[193] Others argue that close economic ties between Taiwan and Mainland China would make any military intervention by the PLA against Taiwan very costly, and therefore less probable.[194]
Taiwan's total trade in 2010 reached an all-time high of US$526.04 billion, according to Taiwan's Ministry of Finance. Both exports and imports for the year reached record levels, totaling US$274.64 billion and US$251.4 billion, respectively.[195]
Paddy field in Yilan County
In 2001, agriculture constituted only 2% of GDP, down from 35% in 1952.[196] Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being moved offshore and with more capital and technology-intensive industries replacing them. High-technology industrial parks have sprung up in every region in Taiwan. The ROC has become a major foreign investor in the PRC, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam. It is estimated that some 50,000 Taiwanese businesses and 1,000,000 businesspeople and their dependents are established in the PRC.[197]
Because of its conservative financial approach and its entrepreneurial strengths, Taiwan suffered little compared with many of its neighbors from the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Unlike its neighbors, South Korea and Japan, the Taiwanese economy is dominated by small and medium sized businesses, rather than the large business groups. The global economic downturn, however, combined with poor policy coordination by the new administration and increasing bad debts in the banking system, pushed Taiwan into recession in 2001, the first whole year of negative growth since 1947. Due to the relocation of many manufacturing and labor intensive industries to the PRC, unemployment also reached a level not seen since the 1970s oil crisis. This became a major issue in the 2004 presidential election. Growth averaged more than 4% in the 2002–2006 period and the unemployment rate fell below 4%.[198]
The ROC often joins international organizations under a politically neutral name. The ROC is a member of governmental trade organizations such as the World Trade Organization under the name Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei) since 2002.[199]
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เศรษฐกิจและอุตสาหกรรม
อุตสาหกรรมอย่างรวดเร็วและเติบโตอย่างรวดเร็วของไต้หวันในช่วงครึ่งหลังของศตวรรษที่ 20 ที่ได้รับการเรียกว่า " มิราเคิล " ของไต้หวัน ไต้หวัน เป็นหนึ่งใน " สี่เสือแห่งเอเชีย " ร่วมกับฮ่องกง เกาหลีใต้ และสิงคโปร์
ญี่ปุ่นกฎทั้งก่อนและระหว่างสงครามโลกครั้งที่สองนำการเปลี่ยนแปลงในภาครัฐและเอกชน โดยเฉพาะในพื้นที่ของงานสาธารณะ which enabled rapid communications and facilitated transport throughout much of the island. The Japanese also improved public education and made it compulsory for all residents of Taiwan.
By 1945, hyperinflation was in progress in mainland China and Taiwan as a result of the war with Japan. To isolate Taiwan from it, the Nationalist government created a new currency area for the island,และเริ่มราคาโปรแกรมเสถียรภาพ . ความพยายามเหล่านี้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญชะลอตัวลง
เมื่อรัฐบาล KMT หนีไปไต้หวันพาล้านตำลึง ( 1 ตำลึง ~ 1.2 ozt ) ทองคำและเงินตราต่างประเทศสำรองของจีนแผ่นดินใหญ่ ซึ่งเป็นไปตามกมธ. เสถียรราคา และลดสภาพคล่อง [ 184 ] บางทียิ่ง เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของการ รีทรีท ไปไต้หวัน the KMT brought the intellectual and business elites from Mainland China.[185] The KMT government instituted many laws and land reforms that it had never effectively enacted on mainland China. The government also implemented a policy of import-substitution, attempting to produce imported goods domestically.
In 1950, with the outbreak of the Korean War,สหรัฐอเมริกาเริ่มมีโครงการช่วยเหลือซึ่งส่งผลให้เกิดเสถียรภาพราคาเต็มที่โดย 1952 . การพัฒนาเศรษฐกิจ [ 186 ] สนับสนุนโดยความช่วยเหลือทางเศรษฐกิจอเมริกันและโปรแกรมเช่นคณะกรรมาธิการร่วมบูรณะชนบท ซึ่งทำให้ภาคเกษตรเป็นฐานสำหรับการเติบโตต่อไป . ภายใต้มาตรการกระตุ้นเศรษฐกิจรวมของการปฏิรูปที่ดินและโครงการพัฒนาด้านการเกษตร agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 4 per cent from 1952 to 1959, which was greater than the population growth, 3.6%.[187]
In 1962, Taiwan had a (nominal) per-capita gross national product (GNP) of $170, placing its economy on a par with those of Zaire and Congo. On a purchasing power parity (PPP) basis, its GDP per capita in early 1960s was $1,353 (in 1990 prices).[ 188 ] 2011 รายได้ต่อหัวปรับความเท่าเทียมกันของอำนาจซื้อ ( PPP ) ได้เพิ่มขึ้นถึง $ 37 , 000 , ที่เอื้อต่อการพัฒนามนุษย์ดัชนีเทียบเท่ากับที่ของประเทศพัฒนาอื่นๆ ของไต้หวัน หรือในปี 2012 คือ 0.890 ( 23 , สูงมาก ) ตามที่ UN คนใหม่ " ไม่ปรับ หรือ " การคำนวณ
ในปี 1974 เจียงชิง กัวใช้สิบสาขาการก่อสร้างโครงการ the beginning foundations that helped Taiwan transform into its current export driven economy. Since the 1990s, a number of Taiwan-based technology firms have expanded their reach around the world. Well-known international technology companies headquartered in Taiwan include personal computer manufacturers Acer Inc. and Asus, mobile phone maker HTC, as well as electronics manufacturing giant Foxconn, which makes products for Apple, Amazon, and Microsoft. Computex Taipei is a major computer expo, held since 1981.
Two THSR 700T trains
Taiwan High Speed Rail, with trains running at speeds above 300 km/h, links Taipei and the southern port city of Kaohsiung in just 90 minutes.
Today Taiwan has a dynamic, capitalist, export-driven economy with gradually decreasing state involvement in investment and foreign trade. In keeping with this trend, some large government-owned banks and industrial firms are being privatized.[189] Real growth in GDP has averaged about 8% during the past three decades. Exports have provided the primary impetus for industrialization. The trade surplus is substantial,และเงินสำรองต่างประเทศของโลกห้าใหญ่ที่สุด [ 190 ] สาธารณรัฐประชาชนจีนที่มีสกุลเงินของตัวเอง , ดอลล่าร์ไต้หวันใหม่
ตั้งแต่จุดเริ่มต้นของปี 1990 , ความสัมพันธ์ทางเศรษฐกิจระหว่างไต้หวันและจีนแผ่นดินใหญ่ได้เจ๋งมาก ขณะที่ 2008 กว่า $ 150 พันล้าน [ 191 ] ได้ลงทุนในจีน โดยบริษัท ไต้หวันและประมาณ 10% ของแรงงานชาวไต้หวันทำงานในจีนมักจะเรียกใช้ธุรกิจของพวกเขาเอง . [ 192 ] แม้ว่าเศรษฐกิจของไต้หวันได้รับประโยชน์จากสถานการณ์นี้ บางคนได้แสดงความเห็นว่า เกาะนี้ได้กลายเป็นมากขึ้นอยู่กับแผ่นดินใหญ่จีนเศรษฐกิจ ปี 2008 สีขาวกระดาษ โดยแผนกรัฐเทคโนโลยีอุตสาหกรรมที่ " ไต้หวันควรแสวงหาการรักษาเสถียรภาพความสัมพันธ์กับจีนในขณะที่ต่อเนื่องเพื่อปกป้องความมั่นคงของชาติและหลีกเลี่ยง sinicization มากเกินไป ' ' ของไต้หวันเศรษฐกิจ " [ 193 ] คนอื่นโต้เถียงว่า ความสัมพันธ์ทางเศรษฐกิจที่ใกล้ชิดระหว่างไต้หวันและจีนแผ่นดินใหญ่จะให้มีการแทรกแซงทางทหารกับไต้หวัน โดยปลาราคาแพงมากและดังนั้นจึงน้อยกว่าที่น่าจะเป็น [ 194 ]
ไต้หวันรวมการค้าในปี 2010 ถึงทุกเวลาสูงของสหรัฐอเมริกา $ 526.04 พันล้าน ตามที่ไต้หวันของกระทรวงการคลัง Both exports and imports for the year reached record levels, totaling US$274.64 billion and US$251.4 billion, respectively.[195]
Paddy field in Yilan County
In 2001, agriculture constituted only 2% of GDP, down from 35% in 1952.[196] Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being moved offshore and with more capital and technology-intensive industries replacing them.อุทยานอุตสาหกรรมเทคโนโลยีระดับสูงได้เด้งแล้วขึ้นในทุกภูมิภาคในไต้หวัน ผลที่ได้กลายเป็นนักลงทุนต่างชาติรายใหญ่ในจีน ไทย อินโดนีเซีย ฟิลิปปินส์ มาเลเซีย และเวียดนาม มันคือประมาณว่า 50 , 000 ไต้หวันธุรกิจและ 1000000 นักธุรกิจและบริวารของพวกเขาก่อตั้งขึ้นในจีน [ 197 ]
Because of its conservative financial approach and its entrepreneurial strengths, Taiwan suffered little compared with many of its neighbors from the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Unlike its neighbors, South Korea and Japan, the Taiwanese economy is dominated by small and medium sized businesses, rather than the large business groups. The global economic downturn, however,รวมกับการประสานนโยบายยากจนโดยการบริหารใหม่ และเพิ่มหนี้เสียในระบบธนาคาร , ผลักดันให้ไต้หวันเข้าสู่ภาวะถดถอยในปี 2001 ครั้งแรกทั้งปีของการเจริญเติบโตทางลบตั้งแต่ 1947 . เนื่องจากการย้ายหลายการผลิตและอุตสาหกรรมแรงงานเข้มข้นใน PRC , การว่างงานยังอยู่ในระดับที่ไม่ได้มีให้เห็นตั้งแต่ปี 1970 วิกฤตการณ์น้ำมัน .นี้ได้กลายเป็นปัญหาที่สำคัญในการเลือกตั้งประธานาธิบดี 2004 . การเจริญเติบโตเฉลี่ยมากกว่า 4% ใน 2002 – 2006 ระยะเวลาและอัตราการว่างงานลดลงต่ำกว่า 4 % [ 198 ]
: มักจะร่วมกับองค์กรนานาชาติภายใต้ชื่อที่เป็นกลาง ร็อคที่เป็นสมาชิกขององค์กรการค้าของรัฐ เช่น องค์การการค้าโลกภายใต้ชื่อแยกดินแดนศุลกากรของไต้หวัน , เนียร์ , Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei) since 2002.[199]
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