Method
Design and participants
The design was a three (adolescent, young adult or middleaged
adult models) × two (cigarette advertising versus control)
between-subjects factorial. Participants were 339 adolescents
excluding 10 regular smokers (smoked 15+ days/month)
recruited from 9th and 10th grades in ethnically diverse U.S.
public schools (age range 14–16, mean age 14.7 years, 52%
female).