The pain management training, “Stop the pain with Happy-
Pingu,” consisted of six group meetings of 90 min and was
conducted once a week by a psychologist. The sessions built
on each other. An overview of the training sessions is displayed
in Table 2. The sessions with children focused on
increasing their self-management abilities. The following
issues were addressed: imparting knowledge and teaching
coping strategies, relaxation technique training, identification
and change of negative pain-related thoughts and attention
bias, as well as techniques for increasing self-esteem