Any discussion of computer architectures, of how computers and computer systems are organized, designed, and implemented, inevitably makes reference to the "von Neumann architecture" as a basis for comparison. And of course this is so, since virtually every electronic computer ever built has been rooted in this architecture. The name applied to it comes from John von Neumann, who as author of two papers in 1945 [Goldstine and von Neumann 1963, von Neumann 1981] and coauthor of a third paper in 1946 [Burks, et al. 1963] was the first to spell out the requirements for a general purpose electronic computer. The 1946 paper, written with Arthur W. Burks and Hermann H. Goldstine, was titled "Preliminary Discussion of the Logical Design of an Electronic Computing Instrument," and the ideas in it were to have a profound impact on the subsequent development of such machines.
Von Neumann's design led eventually to the construction of the EDVAC computer in 1952. However, the first computer of this type to be actually constructed and operated was the Manchester Mark I, designed and built at Manchester University in England [Siewiorek, et al. 1982]. It ran its first program in 1948, executing it out of its 96 word memory. It executed an instruction in 1.2 milliseconds, which must have seemed phenomenal at the time. Using today's popular "MIPS" terminology (millions of instructions per second), it would be rated at .00083 MIPS. By contrast, some current supercomputers are rated at in excess of 1000 MIPS. And yet, these computers, such as the Cray systems and the Control Data Cyber 200 models, are still tied to the von Neumann architecture to a large extent.
Over the years, a number of computers have been claimed to be "non-von Neumann," and many have been at least partially so. More and more emphasis is being put on the necessity for breaking away from this traditional architecture in order to achieve more usable and more productive systems. The expectations for the fifth generation systems seem to require that substantially new architectures be evolved, and that both hardware and software be freed from the limitations of the von Neumann architecture [Sharp 1985].
การสนทนาของสถาปัตยกรรมคอมพิวเตอร์ วิธีคอมพิวเตอร์และระบบคอมพิวเตอร์จะจัด ออกแบบ และ ดำเนินการ ทำให้การอ้างอิงถึง "สถาปัตยกรรมฟอน Neumann" ย่อมเป็นพื้นฐานสำหรับการเปรียบเทียบ และแน่นอนเป็น เนื่องจากได้รับสิ่ง ๆ เสมือนคอมพิวเตอร์อิเล็กทรอนิกส์ที่เคยมีสร้างสถาปัตยกรรมนี้ ชื่อที่ใช้มาจากจอห์นฟอน Neumann ใครเป็นผู้เขียนเอกสารสองในปีค.ศ. 1945 [Goldstine และฟอน Neumann 1963, Neumann ฟอน 1981] coauthor เอกสารสามใน 1946 [Burks, et al. 1963] เป็นคนแรกออกข้อกำหนดสำหรับเครื่องอิเล็กทรอนิกส์ทั่วไป กระดาษ 1946 เขียน Arthur W. Burks และแฮร์มันน์ H. Goldstine ชื่อเรื่องว่า "เบื้องต้นสนทนาของเดอะตรรกะออกของอันอิเล็กทรอนิกส์คอมพิวเตอร์ดนตรี" และความคิดมันได้มีผลกระทบอย่างลึกซึ้งต่อมาพัฒนาเครื่องดังกล่าวVon Neumann's design led eventually to the construction of the EDVAC computer in 1952. However, the first computer of this type to be actually constructed and operated was the Manchester Mark I, designed and built at Manchester University in England [Siewiorek, et al. 1982]. It ran its first program in 1948, executing it out of its 96 word memory. It executed an instruction in 1.2 milliseconds, which must have seemed phenomenal at the time. Using today's popular "MIPS" terminology (millions of instructions per second), it would be rated at .00083 MIPS. By contrast, some current supercomputers are rated at in excess of 1000 MIPS. And yet, these computers, such as the Cray systems and the Control Data Cyber 200 models, are still tied to the von Neumann architecture to a large extent.Over the years, a number of computers have been claimed to be "non-von Neumann," and many have been at least partially so. More and more emphasis is being put on the necessity for breaking away from this traditional architecture in order to achieve more usable and more productive systems. The expectations for the fifth generation systems seem to require that substantially new architectures be evolved, and that both hardware and software be freed from the limitations of the von Neumann architecture [Sharp 1985].
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