Such reversals helped to stimulate armed mobilization by forces claiming
to represent minorities disenfranchised and disadvantaged by the centralization
of power in Rangoon and Jakarta, with ethnic insurgencies in Burma soon fairly
matched by regional rebellions in Indonesia. These challenges, alongside
those mounted by armed guerrilla forces—Communist in Burma, Islamist in
Indonesia—whose ranks had mobilized in the independence struggle but
were later marginalized by nationalist leaders, represented a menace to the
fragile authority of the new nation-states. The Cold War also brought new
forms of foreign intervention that compromised national sovereignty: in
Burma, the U.S.-backed flight and encampment of Kuomintang forces
fleeing Communist rule in China in 1949–1951, and in Indonesia, U.S.
covert and military support for the regional rebellions in 1957–1959.
Such reversals helped to stimulate armed mobilization by forces claimingto represent minorities disenfranchised and disadvantaged by the centralizationof power in Rangoon and Jakarta, with ethnic insurgencies in Burma soon fairlymatched by regional rebellions in Indonesia. These challenges, alongsidethose mounted by armed guerrilla forces—Communist in Burma, Islamist inIndonesia—whose ranks had mobilized in the independence struggle butwere later marginalized by nationalist leaders, represented a menace to thefragile authority of the new nation-states. The Cold War also brought newforms of foreign intervention that compromised national sovereignty: inBurma, the U.S.-backed flight and encampment of Kuomintang forcesfleeing Communist rule in China in 1949–1951, and in Indonesia, U.S.covert and military support for the regional rebellions in 1957–1959.
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