Fig. 2. Potential therapies to disrupt latent proviral HIV infection. HDAC inhibitors may relieve repression by HDACs and may allow histone acetylation by HAT, which results in HIV expression. Via kinase signaling, HMBA stimulates the release of P-TEFb from sequestration within a ribonucleoprotein complex containing HEXIM and 7SK snRNA (small nuclear RNA). Tat then recruits P-TEFb to an HIV RNA structure (TAR), present at the 5' end of all nascent HIV RNAs, which allows for phosphorylation and activation of RNA Pol II and other factors, leading to processive transcription. Prostratin stimulates HIV through protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated release of active NF-B. Interleukin 7 (IL-7), a cytokine essential for maintenance of T cell homeostasis, can induce HIV expression from quiescent resting cells without global T cell activation, via the JAK/STAT5 signaling pathway