In the context of Indian villages, the resources falling under CPR category include community pastures, community forests and wastelands, common dumping and threshing grounds, watershed drainages, village ponds, rivers/rivulets as well as their banks and beds (Gowda and Savadatti, 2004). Unlike open access resources where people’s use is on a “free rider” basis with no recognized property rights, in CPRs accessibility is exclusive with only the identified community having access to it and not others. In this sense the resources share two broad characteristics. First, they are so large that any attempt to exclude potential beneficiaries from using them would be costly. Second, the supply of such resources is limited and consumption by one user reduces their availability to others. It isthese two characteristics that necessitate collective efforts on thepart of the beneficiaries for managing the resource. A large majority of over 75 billion rural population of India are dependent on CPRs for their livelihood (Pradhan and Patra, 2011) and yet the issue of land use planning in CPRs has remained neglected mainly due to the protected nature of these resources, where no change of land use is possible (as in case of forest), or the possibility of no modifications in its characteristic (as in case of village ponds, common grazing land). In practice every society has its own local level systems of resource management, which are based on the knowledge and experience of the resource users themselves (Adhikari, 2004).Land use planning issues are, however, very relevant for improved utilization of the CPR’s for livelihood security. As a matter of fact some of these CPR’s play a very important role in land use decisions for their beneficiaries. Systematic evaluation of CPR’s and their scientific utilization can help in significantly improving the livelihood of the inhabitants, especially in backward areas.
The planning commission of India has identified 150 most dis-advantaged (backward) districts of the country on the basis of prevalence of poverty indicated by scheduled caste and scheduled tribes (SC/ST) population, agricultural productivity per worker and agricultural wage rate. An overlay of the map of these districts over the soil and land degradation map of India brings out that most of selected districts are geographically concentrated in the regions with either inhospitable terrain and/or degraded land. Many of these are regions where forest has been denuded for cultivation purpose and is inhabited mostly by tribal. The land quality being poor, there is more emphasis on the CPRs for livelihood security and tribal are often accused of illegal trading of forest produce to make a living. Gondia is one of these districts. In this paper an attempt thas been made to evaluate the land use based issues in management of CPR’s for their effective sustainable management to ensure livelihood security for the people living in these backward areas.The district is affected by naxalism movement (radical group pro-fessing communism and demanding control of forests). Among the economic issues that have been taken up by the naxal movement include land rights (for agriculture and housing), minimum wages and common property resources. Land ceiling act in India definesthe quantum of land that can be held by an individual farmer. How-ever, the federal states of India have implemented it with variable extent. The landlords invariably belonging to upper castes (upper influential section in social hierarchy) in many states continue to exercise control over excess lands well above the ceiling limits. Often they usurp village common land meant for grazing or other common purpose. Landlords have tenancy relations with marginal or landless farmers who work in the fields with share cropping arrangements. Many of them are absentee landlords. Many villagers work on their farms for wages. The arrangement over the years has created a system of exploitation and deep rooted class wars. Stated objective of the naxal movement is to restore the balance by taking over the excess lands from the landlords, distribute it to the land-less/weaker people, and fight for better sharecropping or tenancy rights, housing rights especially for the tenant farmers who live at the pleasure of landlord in homesteads. Fishing rights in village ponds are also contested. The naxalites argue that local landlord always gets the fishing rights in a state held auction because other villagers are forced to allow it going unchallenged or prevented from bidding higher. The state holds exclusive rights over forest and forest produce. Many forest dwellers practice agriculture inside forest resulting in conflict between basic livelihood rights and forest protection laws. The mining of metals and minerals and related activities inside forest are opposed by the naxalites. The disruptions stall development work frequently and thus uncertainty prevails affecting the poverty alleviation schemes and thus the vicious cycle continues. In this study, common water and forest resources have been taken into consideration mainly because of their importance in the overall livelihood of the inhabitants.
ในบริบทของหมู่บ้านที่อินเดีย ทรัพยากรที่อยู่ภายใต้ประเภท CPR รวม pastures ชุมชน ชุมชนป่าไม้ และ wastelands ทั่วไปถ่ายโอนข้อมูล และ threshing เหตุผล ลุ่มน้ำ drainages หมู่บ้านบ่อ แม่ น้ำ/rivulets เป็นของธนาคาร และเตียง (Gowda และ Savadatti, 2004) ซึ่งแตกต่างจากทรัพยากรเข้าเปิดใช้ประชาชนอยู่บนพื้นฐาน "ฟรีเดอร์" มีสิทธิไม่ยอมรับ ใน CPRs ถึงได้เฉพาะกับเฉพาะชุมชนระบุมีถึงมันและอื่น ๆ ในแง่นี้ ทรัพยากรใช้ร่วมกันกว้างลักษณะสอง ครั้งแรก พวกเขามีขนาดใหญ่มากว่า การแยกผู้รับผลประโยชน์ที่อาจเกิดขึ้นจากการใช้งานจะเสียค่าใช้จ่าย สอง อุปทานของทรัพยากรนั้นมีจำกัด และปริมาณการใช้ โดยผู้ใช้หนึ่งลดความผู้อื่น มัน isthese สองลักษณะที่ผนวกรวมความพยายามบน thepart รับผลประโยชน์ในการจัดการทรัพยากร ใหญ่กว่า 75 ล้านประชากรชนบทของอินเดียจะขึ้นอยู่กับ CPRs สำหรับการดำรงชีวิต (Pradhan และภัทรา 2011) และยัง ปัญหาการใช้ที่ดินการวางแผนใน CPRs มีอยู่ที่ถูกละเลยเนื่องจากธรรมชาติได้รับการป้องกันทรัพยากรเหล่านี้ ส่วนใหญ่ที่ไม่เปลี่ยนแปลงการใช้ที่ดินเป็นไปได้ (ในกรณีของป่า), หรือความเป็นไปได้ของการปรับเปลี่ยนในลักษณะของ (ในกรณีของหมู่บ้านบ่อ ที่ดินทั่ว grazing) ในทางปฏิบัติ ทุกสังคมมีสภาพท้องถิ่นระดับระบบของการจัดการทรัพยากร ซึ่งขึ้นอยู่กับความรู้และประสบการณ์ของผู้ใช้ทรัพยากรตัวเอง (Adhikari, 2004) ใช้วางแผนปัญหา อย่างไรก็ตาม มีที่ดินมากเกี่ยวข้องกับการเพิ่มการใช้ประโยชน์ของการ CPR ของเพื่อความปลอดภัยในการดำรงชีวิต เป็นแท้ของ CPR นี้เล่นบทบาทสำคัญในแผ่นดินใช้การตัดสินใจสำหรับผู้รับผลประโยชน์ของพวกเขา การประเมินระบบของ CPR และการใช้ประโยชน์ของวิทยาศาสตร์สามารถช่วยในการดำรงชีวิตของประชากร โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในพื้นที่ย้อนหลังการปรับปรุงอย่างมีนัยสำคัญ The planning commission of India has identified 150 most dis-advantaged (backward) districts of the country on the basis of prevalence of poverty indicated by scheduled caste and scheduled tribes (SC/ST) population, agricultural productivity per worker and agricultural wage rate. An overlay of the map of these districts over the soil and land degradation map of India brings out that most of selected districts are geographically concentrated in the regions with either inhospitable terrain and/or degraded land. Many of these are regions where forest has been denuded for cultivation purpose and is inhabited mostly by tribal. The land quality being poor, there is more emphasis on the CPRs for livelihood security and tribal are often accused of illegal trading of forest produce to make a living. Gondia is one of these districts. In this paper an attempt thas been made to evaluate the land use based issues in management of CPR’s for their effective sustainable management to ensure livelihood security for the people living in these backward areas.The district is affected by naxalism movement (radical group pro-fessing communism and demanding control of forests). Among the economic issues that have been taken up by the naxal movement include land rights (for agriculture and housing), minimum wages and common property resources. Land ceiling act in India definesthe quantum of land that can be held by an individual farmer. How-ever, the federal states of India have implemented it with variable extent. The landlords invariably belonging to upper castes (upper influential section in social hierarchy) in many states continue to exercise control over excess lands well above the ceiling limits. Often they usurp village common land meant for grazing or other common purpose. Landlords have tenancy relations with marginal or landless farmers who work in the fields with share cropping arrangements. Many of them are absentee landlords. Many villagers work on their farms for wages. The arrangement over the years has created a system of exploitation and deep rooted class wars. Stated objective of the naxal movement is to restore the balance by taking over the excess lands from the landlords, distribute it to the land-less/weaker people, and fight for better sharecropping or tenancy rights, housing rights especially for the tenant farmers who live at the pleasure of landlord in homesteads. Fishing rights in village ponds are also contested. The naxalites argue that local landlord always gets the fishing rights in a state held auction because other villagers are forced to allow it going unchallenged or prevented from bidding higher. The state holds exclusive rights over forest and forest produce. Many forest dwellers practice agriculture inside forest resulting in conflict between basic livelihood rights and forest protection laws. The mining of metals and minerals and related activities inside forest are opposed by the naxalites. The disruptions stall development work frequently and thus uncertainty prevails affecting the poverty alleviation schemes and thus the vicious cycle continues. In this study, common water and forest resources have been taken into consideration mainly because of their importance in the overall livelihood of the inhabitants.
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