tertiary systems have been developed as new systems to provide effluent treatment
in a more sustainable manner, as well as achieving the standards required by regulatory
bodies. These include biological sequencing batch reactors, bio-filtration systems,
systems with high aeration rates, activated sludge plants with aerobic reactors,
bio-flow polishing plants, as well as membrane bioreactors. More palm oil plantations are investing into these technologies to harvest the biogas for fuel, and re-use other
biomass materials for fertilizers, bio-composite materials, etc.