were found to have increased from 2000 onwards, reaching
levels exceeding the ambient AQ standards. In Jakarta, the
2000 average ambient level was 11μg/m3, which more than
doubled in 2001 at 23 μg/m3, increased to 45 μg/m3 in 2002 and
fi nally reached 111 μg/m3 in 2003. According to MOE, these
data for Jakarta were not accurate since one of the stations
had problems that could lead to this being misinterpreted as
an alarming increase in SO2 levels (Rachmatunisa 2004). As
for Surabaya, SO2 levels in 2001–2003 complied with annual
standards of 60 μg/m3, but data from 2004 and 2005 showed
noncompliance