In general, the methods used to
characterize cake batters are mainly based on the
measurement of the viscosity and the density.
Density is a key measurement used in the industry
to characterize aeration. It is generally measured
by weighing a known volume of batter (Fox et
al., 2004). Then, the batter density can be related
to the amount of air incorporated in the batter
during the mixing process and applied to determine
the expected quality of the final baked cake. The
present study found that the batter density
decreased with increasing TS substitution (Table
2), indicating there was a higher amount of air
incorporated into the batter. The lower viscosity
was expected to have lower resistance to the
applied shear during the mixing process leading
to a higher amount of air being incorporated. The
batter without TS (100% WF) showed the highest
batter density values (0.488 g/cm3) but was not
significantly different to the batter containing 25%
TS substitution for WF (0.467 g/cm3), whereas the