Caregivers respect infants' individual abilities and respond positively as each baby develops new abilities (i.e., they give children no more assistance than they need ). Experiencing caregivers' pleasure in their achievements, infants feel competent and enjoy mastering new skills.
Infants are pushed to develop skills even though they demonstrate that they are not yet ready.
Caregivers do things for children that they could do for themselves or that they could do with some assistance.
There is much evidence that one-on-one interactions keep child and adult close both physically (e.g., touching, gazing) and emotionally (Honig 2002), At the same time, these kinds of interactions may not be valued in all cultures. For example, some cultures establish intimacy through eye contact, but others don't.
Cultures that value verbal language closely attend to and encourage infants' beginning vocalizations. But in cultures where infants are in constant physical contact with a family member, interactions occur through body language, not words,
To allow two infants to safely interact physically caregivers often put them on the floor together, This can make families uncomfortable if they are from a culture where infants are carried constantly by a caregiver and so are rarely on the floor or close enough to play together.
Wanting babies to feel good about themselves and their individual accomplishments can be regarded negatively as personal pride by cultures that value humility.
Respect for infants as people
Caregivers often talk to the infant about what is going on (e.g., "I am putting your sweater on now so we can go outside"), especially to an older infant who can understand somewhat. Caregivers treat each baby like the person he or she is-that is, caregivers respect the child not just as "becoming" but as already "being" someone who has preferences, moods, and thoughts.
Caregivers move the infant about without explaining why, sometimes abruptly or at the adult’s convenience. They act as if children are a bother or are cute, doll-like objects rather than people.
Caregivers have healthy, accepting attitudes about children's bodies and their bodily functions.
Caregivers talk or act in a way that implies to infants that they are not to touch their bodies and that bodily functions are disgusting.
Caregivers adjust to each infant's individual feeding and sleeping schedules. They respect each infant's food preferences and eating style.
Caregivers follow schedules that are rigid and based on their needs rather than children's. ’
Comments on respect for infants as people :
Treating babies as objects to be manipulated and not respecting or talking to them about happening to them can undermine their sense of security and control. And when they don't understand and aren't involved in the action, they are less inclined to cooperate,
Each infant is an individual with likes and dislikes. To start learning each infant's preferred foods and eating style, caregivers can ask the family.
Communication
Recognizing that infants communicate through crying and a body movement, caregivers respond to cries or calls of distress in ways that are calm, tender, and respectful.
Caregivers treat a crying child as a nuisance. Crying is ignored or responded to erratically at the convenience of the adult.
Caregivers observe and listen and respond to sounds the infant makes. Caregivers imitate children’s vocalizations and appreciate the sounds as the beginnings of communication.
Caregivers are brusque and inattentive, ignoring the child's vocalizations.
Caregivers attend to the child's vocalizations, but they do not wait for the infants to finish before beginning to talk ( i.e., adults don't wait their turn in the "conversation").
Caregivers frequently talk with, sing to, and read to infants. Even before babies understand speech, language is a vital, lively part of the communication that adults have with children; it is important in infants' language development, as well.
Caregivers use language indiscriminately, either too much or too little, and they use a very limited range of words in their conversations with infants.
Comments on communication:
When crying babies get a response from their caregiver and their needs are met reasonably soon, the amount of crying diminishes. In cultures where a baby is continually carried by a caregiver, infants tend to cry less, because they communicate their needs in a different way.
Sensory environment
The play areas offer children a variety of touch experiences (e.g., soft and hard areas, different levels).
There is no carpeting and no contrast between soft areas and harder ones. The play areas are sterile, designed for easy cleaning, but lack different textures or levels.
The visual environment has a good balance of things that are interesting to look at from the baby's perspective. It is uncluttered and aesthetically pleasing.
Walls are cluttered with posters and other items. The visually overwhelming environment creates a confusing blur for babies, makes it hard for them to focus on any one thing, and may even make them irritable.
Surroundings are sterile and bland.
Sensory environment (cont.)
Caregivers have arranged and decorated the space from the perspective of babies lying on their backs.
No visual displays are in an infant's line of sight. Or the display makes babies uncomfortable (e.g., a bright overhead light) or over stimulated (e.g., books with bright colors along crib walls), but it can't be escaped.
Caregivers provide visual elements (e.g., mobile over a crib with the aim of entertaining the baby as a substitute for appropriate social interaction with other babies and adults.
The environment is a mix of quiet and sounds. To judge what is just the right amount of sound, caregivers look for cues in babies' reactions. Caregivers play music and other recordings that infants enjoy.
Caregivers play music that they prefer, often loudly and constantly. Babies find the sound environment over stimulating or distracting (e.g., infants have difficulty focusing on speech sounds and hearing their own vocalizations).
Comments on sensory environment:
Hard floors give babies the feedback and resistance they need to experience gravity and learn motor and sensory skills. Soft is nice, but when the whole environment is soft, infants have a harder time moving (e.g., rolling over, crawling).
Although their vision is not as good as that of adults, infants have considerable visual abilities even at birth, and these improve substantially over the first few months of life. By 4 or 5 months of age, infants typically recognize familiar faces and easily distinguish shades of light and dark.
Although a relatively quiet environment is ideal for most infants, those who come from homes filled with people, noise, and activity get used to what would be distressing to another child.
Caregivers respect infants' individual abilities and respond positively as each baby develops new abilities (i.e., they give children no more assistance than they need ). Experiencing caregivers' pleasure in their achievements, infants feel competent and enjoy mastering new skills. Infants are pushed to develop skills even though they demonstrate that they are not yet ready. Caregivers do things for children that they could do for themselves or that they could do with some assistance. There is much evidence that one-on-one interactions keep child and adult close both physically (e.g., touching, gazing) and emotionally (Honig 2002), At the same time, these kinds of interactions may not be valued in all cultures. For example, some cultures establish intimacy through eye contact, but others don't. Cultures that value verbal language closely attend to and encourage infants' beginning vocalizations. But in cultures where infants are in constant physical contact with a family member, interactions occur through body language, not words, To allow two infants to safely interact physically caregivers often put them on the floor together, This can make families uncomfortable if they are from a culture where infants are carried constantly by a caregiver and so are rarely on the floor or close enough to play together. Wanting babies to feel good about themselves and their individual accomplishments can be regarded negatively as personal pride by cultures that value humility.Respect for infants as people Caregivers often talk to the infant about what is going on (e.g., "I am putting your sweater on now so we can go outside"), especially to an older infant who can understand somewhat. Caregivers treat each baby like the person he or she is-that is, caregivers respect the child not just as "becoming" but as already "being" someone who has preferences, moods, and thoughts. Caregivers move the infant about without explaining why, sometimes abruptly or at the adult’s convenience. They act as if children are a bother or are cute, doll-like objects rather than people. Caregivers have healthy, accepting attitudes about children's bodies and their bodily functions. Caregivers talk or act in a way that implies to infants that they are not to touch their bodies and that bodily functions are disgusting.Caregivers adjust to each infant's individual feeding and sleeping schedules. They respect each infant's food preferences and eating style. Caregivers follow schedules that are rigid and based on their needs rather than children's. ’Comments on respect for infants as people : Treating babies as objects to be manipulated and not respecting or talking to them about happening to them can undermine their sense of security and control. And when they don't understand and aren't involved in the action, they are less inclined to cooperate, Each infant is an individual with likes and dislikes. To start learning each infant's preferred foods and eating style, caregivers can ask the family.Communication Recognizing that infants communicate through crying and a body movement, caregivers respond to cries or calls of distress in ways that are calm, tender, and respectful. Caregivers treat a crying child as a nuisance. Crying is ignored or responded to erratically at the convenience of the adult.Caregivers observe and listen and respond to sounds the infant makes. Caregivers imitate children’s vocalizations and appreciate the sounds as the beginnings of communication. Caregivers are brusque and inattentive, ignoring the child's vocalizations. Caregivers attend to the child's vocalizations, but they do not wait for the infants to finish before beginning to talk ( i.e., adults don't wait their turn in the "conversation"). Caregivers frequently talk with, sing to, and read to infants. Even before babies understand speech, language is a vital, lively part of the communication that adults have with children; it is important in infants' language development, as well. Caregivers use language indiscriminately, either too much or too little, and they use a very limited range of words in their conversations with infants.Comments on communication: When crying babies get a response from their caregiver and their needs are met reasonably soon, the amount of crying diminishes. In cultures where a baby is continually carried by a caregiver, infants tend to cry less, because they communicate their needs in a different way.Sensory environment The play areas offer children a variety of touch experiences (e.g., soft and hard areas, different levels). There is no carpeting and no contrast between soft areas and harder ones. The play areas are sterile, designed for easy cleaning, but lack different textures or levels. The visual environment has a good balance of things that are interesting to look at from the baby's perspective. It is uncluttered and aesthetically pleasing. Walls are cluttered with posters and other items. The visually overwhelming environment creates a confusing blur for babies, makes it hard for them to focus on any one thing, and may even make them irritable. Surroundings are sterile and bland.Sensory environment (cont.) Caregivers have arranged and decorated the space from the perspective of babies lying on their backs. No visual displays are in an infant's line of sight. Or the display makes babies uncomfortable (e.g., a bright overhead light) or over stimulated (e.g., books with bright colors along crib walls), but it can't be escaped. Caregivers provide visual elements (e.g., mobile over a crib with the aim of entertaining the baby as a substitute for appropriate social interaction with other babies and adults. The environment is a mix of quiet and sounds. To judge what is just the right amount of sound, caregivers look for cues in babies' reactions. Caregivers play music and other recordings that infants enjoy. Caregivers play music that they prefer, often loudly and constantly. Babies find the sound environment over stimulating or distracting (e.g., infants have difficulty focusing on speech sounds and hearing their own vocalizations).Comments on sensory environment: Hard floors give babies the feedback and resistance they need to experience gravity and learn motor and sensory skills. Soft is nice, but when the whole environment is soft, infants have a harder time moving (e.g., rolling over, crawling). Although their vision is not as good as that of adults, infants have considerable visual abilities even at birth, and these improve substantially over the first few months of life. By 4 or 5 months of age, infants typically recognize familiar faces and easily distinguish shades of light and dark. Although a relatively quiet environment is ideal for most infants, those who come from homes filled with people, noise, and activity get used to what would be distressing to another child.
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