Managerial implications
The empirical research and the TSE measurement model from the visitors' perspective yield some managerial implica- tions for TS organizers and exhibitors.
Organizers could ensure more benefits to potential visitors by increasing the supply of vertical TSs. First, vertical TSs are more customer-focused than product-based, thus allowing more emphasis to be laid on visitors' attaining their marketing objectives (relationships and distribution networks). And second, vertical TSs are an easier way to match the expectations of visitors and exhibitors as they are more suited to their common interests.
Another key point for organizers, emerging from this study, is the importance of developing effective pre-show communication, so that the TS is visited by a qualified, professional public. This can