Materials and Methods
Demography. Base demographic data on cities were taken from GRUMP (4,
31). GRUMP urban extents are spatially defined primarily on the basis of
satellite imagery of night-time lights. The extents are then linked with information
from censuses and gazetteers containing population information
on hundreds of thousands of urban settlements, including those with quite
small populations. The algorithm that defines urban extents, especially for
large urban agglomerations, typically gathers contiguous urban and suburban
areas into one urban extent. For our study, we evaluated the water
availability and population for the entire urban extent as measured by
GRUMP; this assumes water sharing among constituent municipalities that
may or may not occur in practice.
Demographic projections for the urban areas to the year 2050 were taken
from Balk et al. (5). For these cities, a time series of population at the city
level was obtained from the United Nations (UN), using all information
available; for most countries this means a series from 1970 onward. Paneldata
regression models (with an allowance for city-specific features captured
statistically through random or fixed effects) were used to estimate the
historical drivers of city growth and to forecast city populations to 2050. We
examined two sets of control variables in these regressions. The first set,
producing what we term the Basic Demographic scenario, is based solely on
national-level urban rates of fertility and child mortality, city size, and some
correction factors to account for how the implicit spatial boundaries of a city
have changed over time (using the UN’s definitions of city proper, urban
agglomeration, and metropolitan region). We augment these controls to
produce the Ecological Factors scenario, adding multiple categorical variables
for ecosystem (using definitions from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
(32) and a low-elevation coastal zone (33). This scenario allows
the population of cities in specific biomes (e.g., arid regions) to grow
slower or faster to the extent that observed population dynamics have
consistently correlated with biome in the past. Note that these demographic
projections—which are attached to a spatial reference for 2000—do not
include estimates of how urban spatial extents will change by 2050.
Materials and Methods
Demography. Base demographic data on cities were taken from GRUMP (4,
31). GRUMP urban extents are spatially defined primarily on the basis of
satellite imagery of night-time lights. The extents are then linked with information
from censuses and gazetteers containing population information
on hundreds of thousands of urban settlements, including those with quite
small populations. The algorithm that defines urban extents, especially for
large urban agglomerations, typically gathers contiguous urban and suburban
areas into one urban extent. For our study, we evaluated the water
availability and population for the entire urban extent as measured by
GRUMP; this assumes water sharing among constituent municipalities that
may or may not occur in practice.
Demographic projections for the urban areas to the year 2050 were taken
from Balk et al. (5). For these cities, a time series of population at the city
level was obtained from the United Nations (UN), using all information
available; for most countries this means a series from 1970 onward. Paneldata
regression models (with an allowance for city-specific features captured
statistically through random or fixed effects) were used to estimate the
historical drivers of city growth and to forecast city populations to 2050. We
examined two sets of control variables in these regressions. The first set,
producing what we term the Basic Demographic scenario, is based solely on
national-level urban rates of fertility and child mortality, city size, and some
correction factors to account for how the implicit spatial boundaries of a city
have changed over time (using the UN’s definitions of city proper, urban
agglomeration, and metropolitan region). We augment these controls to
produce the Ecological Factors scenario, adding multiple categorical variables
for ecosystem (using definitions from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
(32) and a low-elevation coastal zone (33). This scenario allows
the population of cities in specific biomes (e.g., arid regions) to grow
slower or faster to the extent that observed population dynamics have
consistently correlated with biome in the past. Note that these demographic
projections—which are attached to a spatial reference for 2000—do not
include estimates of how urban spatial extents will change by 2050.
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